• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제30권9호
• /
• pp.747-753
• /
• 1993

The investigation was carried out to study the behaviors of the pore size and porosity, the mechanical strength, the resistance to thermal spallings and slag attacks according to particle sizes of starting raw materials in porous high Alumina ceramics. This porous ceramics have been used in processing of the clean steel by the blowing of the inert gas. The required properties in the practice are the suitable pores size, the sharp pores distribution for a uniform blowing of the gas, the strong corrosion resistance to slags and molten metals and the resistance to thermal spalling. The optimized properties in porous high alumina ceramics of the specimen No. 3 was found to be the very low slag intrusion and the superior resistance to thermal spalling because of the suitable pore size of 2.5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, the porosity of 30% and the high sinterability.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.201-211
• /
• 2019

Low carbon steel (S20C steel) and SPCC steel sheet have been austenitic nitrided at $700^{\circ}C$ in a closed pit type furnace by changing the flow rate of ammonia gas and heat treating time. When the flow rate of ammonia gas was low, the concentration of residual ammonia appeared low and the hardness value of transformed surface layer was high. The depth of the surface layer, however, was shallow. With increasing the concentration of residual ammonia by raising up the ammonia gas flow, both the depth of the surface layer and the pore depth increased, while the maximum hardness of the surface layer decreased. By introducing a large amount of ammonia gas in a short time, a deep surface layer with minimal pores on the outermost surface was obtained. In this experiment, while maintaining 10~12% of residual ammonia, the flow rate of inlet ammonia gas, 7 liter/min, was introduced at $700^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. In this condition, the thickness of the surface layer without pores appeared about $60{\mu}m$ in S20C steel and $30{\mu}m$ in SPCC steel plate. Injecting additional methane gas (carburizing gas) to this condition played a deteriorating effect due to promoting the formation of vertical pores in the surface layer. For $1^{st}$ transformed surface layer for S20C steel, maintaining 10~12% residual ammonia condition via austenitic nitriding process resulted in ${\varepsilon}$ phase with relatively high nitrogen concentration (just below 4.23 wt.%N) among the mixed phases of ${\varepsilon}+{\gamma}$. The ${\varepsilon}$ phase was formed a specific orientation perpendicular to the surface. For $2^{nd}$ transformed layer for S20C steel, ${\gamma}$ phase was rather dominant (just above 2.63 wt.%N). For SPCC steel sheet, there appeared three phases, ${\gamma}$, ${\alpha}(M)$ and weak ${\varepsilon}$ phase. The nitrogen concentration would be approximately 2.6 wt.% in these phases condition.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2021

Air-water interfacial area is of great importance for the analysis of contaminant mass transfer processes occurring in the soil systems. Capillary bundle model has been proposed to estimate the specific air-water interfacial areas in unsaturated soils. In this study, the measured air-water interfacial areas of a soil (loam) using the gaseous interfacial tracer technique were compared to those from capillary bundle model. The measured values converged to the specific solid surface area (7.6×104 ㎠/㎤) of the soil. However, the simulated air-water interfacial areas based on the capillary bundle model deviated significantly from those measured. The simulated values were substantially over-estimated at low end of the water content range, whereas the model under-estimated the air-water interfacial area for the most of the water content range. This under-estimation is considered to be caused by the nature of the capillary bundle model that replaces the soil pores with a bundle of glass capillaries and thus no surface roughness at the inner surface of the capillaries is taken into account for the estimation of the air-water interfacial area with the capillary bundle model. Subsequently, appropriate correction is necessary for the capillary bundle model to estimate the air-water interfacial area in soils. Since the soil-moisture release curve data is the basis of the capillary bundle model, the model can be of use due to its simplicity, while the gaseous tracer technique requires complicated experimental equipment followed by moment analysis of the breakthrough curves. The size distribution profile of the pores filled with gas estimated by the water retention curve was found to be similar to that of particle size at different size range. The shifted distribution of gas-filled pores toward smaller size side compared to the particle size distribution was also found.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.191-197
• /
• 2022

기체투과막 기술을 이용하여 가축분뇨 폐기물 등으로부터 암모니아성 질소를 효과적으로 회수할 수 있다. 이는 폐기물 내 암모니아 기체가 폐기물에 함침된 기체투과막의 미세공극을 투과하여 막반대편에 도달하게 된다. 투과된 암모니아 기체분자는 막 반대편에 존재하는 용액 내 황산 등 산에 의해 포획 및 회수된다. 막 유입부 내 암모니아성 질소 제거 효과를 높이기 위해서는 우선 유입 폐기물 내 pH를 높게 유지해야 하는데 pH 상승에 필요한 염기성 약품 투입비용이 문제가 될 수 있다. 기존 연구에서는 보다 저렴한 소석회 투입하거나 폭기 혹은 질산화억제를 통해 높은 pH를 효과적으로 유지시키는 방안이 거론되고 있다. 한편 암모니아성 질소 회수에 쓰이는 기체투과막의 재질은 적절한 내열성이나 내화학성 이외에도 소수성을 띈다는 특징이 있으며 이를 통해 막기공을 통해 암모니아 기체를 선택적으로 투과시킬 수 있다. 향후 연구에서는 다양한 성상을 가진 현장 폐기물을 이용하여 실증 Test를 수행하고 이를 기반으로 최적 설계/운전 조건 규명 및 경제성 제고 방안을 수립하여야 한다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제49권7호
• /
• pp.530-534
• /
• 2011

To analyze the effect of the pore size of graphite in a pore-forming agent, graphite was added to porous ceramics of $Al_2O_3-SiO_2-ZrO_2$ systems. The graphite had 45~75, 100~125, 150~180, and 75~180${\mu}m$ dimensions. The properties of the ceramics, such as apparent porosity, density, dynamic elastic modulus, mechanical strength, and permeability, were investigated. The average pore size increased from 15.35${\mu}m$ to 22.32${\mu}m$ with the increase of the graphite size. The sample with the largest average pore size showed the highest mechanical strength and gas permeability. This was due to the sample with the largest pore size at the same porosity having fewer pores and larger distance between the pores than the sample with the smallest pore size, making cracks less likely to propagate. In addition, the large pore size reduced the repulsive power originating from the drag force between the gas and internal pore walls.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제22권10호
• /
• pp.679-686
• /
• 2010

A proprietary device is adopted to break out the membrane of cell in the rigid polyurethane foam. As it is known, the membrane of cell is hardly tearing-off thoroughly in a mechanical way due to both its elastic characteristic and micro sized pores. In this study, a novel experimental approach is introduced to burst out all gases inside the cells of the rigid polyurethane foam by abrasively grinding micro-cells completely into fine powder. The biggest advantage of this approach is to be capable of releasing all gases out from the cell even in the micro pores. As clearly reflected from the repeatability, the accuracy of the result is highly improved and high confidence in the data sets as well. For the measurements of not only gas composition but partial pressure for each gas simultaneously as well, a precision gas mass spectrometer is used in-line directly to the abrasive grinding device. To control the starting point of the polyurethane foam, all samples were prepared on site in the laboratory. Manufactured time is one of the most critical factors in characterization of cell gas composition because it is known that one of gas composition, especially, carbon dioxide, is diffused out dramatically in a short period of time as soon as it is foamed.

• 광물과 암석
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.209-218
• /
• 2021

비전통(unconventional) 에너지 자원 중 최근 각광받고 있는 셰일 가스의 회수율을 높이기 위해서는 저류층의 공극 구조 연구가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 대면적으로 입자나 형상 분포를 확인 할 수 있도록 개발된 분석 장치인 대면적 자동화 입자 분석 시스템(Scanning Electron Microscope Particle Analysis, SELPA)을 활용하여 셰일 가스 저류층 시료의 공극 분포를 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서는 리아드 분지에서 시추된 A-068 시추공 시료 중 방해석이 주 구성 광물인 시료를 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. SELPA를 이용하여 시료 내 수십 나노에서 수백 마이크로미터 크기의 공극을 관찰하였고 각 공극의 크기 별 비율을 확인하였다. 같은 영역의 표면을 대상으로 각각 1000배, 3000배, 5000배의 배율로 이미지를 관찰하여 공극의 분포를 확인한 결과 최소 3000배 이상의 배율에서 관찰해야 100 nm 이하의 공극까지 관찰되어 작은 스케일의 공극 분포까지 분석할 수 있는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 소개된 방법론을 통해 셰일 가스 저류층을 포함한 비전통 자원의 저류층 내공극의 분포를 단시간에 파악할 수 있는 방법론이 확인되었으며 향후 비전통 저류층 내 공극 구조 파악에 활용할 수 있을 것이 기대된다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.226-230
• /
• 2012

This paper presents a novel structure for a diesel particulate filter (DPF) with inclined gas paths, which was designed so that the gas paths offered a fluent flow of exhaust gases, and particulate matter (PM) was collected at pores formed in the body. The alumina porous filter was prepared by a conventional sintering process at $1200^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. Straight gas paths with $30^{\circ}$ of inclination from the gas flow direction were formed in the filter body. It is shown that this filter structure worked as a PM filter, in which 90.2% of soot filtration efficiency and 59.6 mbar of pressure drop were achieved.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국막학회 1991년도 추계 총회 및 학술발표회
• /
• pp.4-8
• /
• 1991

The characterization of pore properties (mean pore size and pore size distribution) of the active layer in a UF membrane is important not only in order to obtain information about the factors affecting pore formation during membrane manufacturing but also to understand deeply the mechanism of solute and solvent transport through pores. Many methods of characterizing quantitatively the pore properties of UF membranes have been suggested in the literature: solvent and gas flow measurement, bubble point determination, electron microscopy, gas adsorption/desorption measurement, rejection measurement etc. But most of these methods involve time-consuming procedures and involve some wellknown problems and uncertainties.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.1625-1631
• /
• 2013

We report a facile synthetic approach of high-quality chromium(III) terephthalate [MIL-101(Cr)] by acetate-assisted method in the absence of toxic HF. Results indicate that the morphology and surface area of the MIL-101(Cr) can be tuned by modifying the molar ratio of acetate/$Cr(NO_3)_3$. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of MIL-101(Cr) synthesized at the optimized condition can exceed 3300 $m^2/g$. It is confirmed that acetate could promote the dissolution of di-carboxylic linker and accelerate the nucleation ratio. So the pure and small size of MIL-101(Cr) with clean pores can be obtained. $CO_2$, $CH_4$ and $N_2$ adsorption isotherms of the samples are studied at 298 K and 313 K. Compared with the traditional method, MIL-101(Cr) synthesized by acetate-assisted method possess enhanced $CO_2$ selective adsorption capacity. At 1.0 bar 298 K, it exhibits 47% enhanced $CO_2$ adsorption capacity. This may be attributed to the high surface area together with clean pores of MIL-101(Cr).