• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.216-220
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• 1995

In order to investigate the possible use of vegetable kimchi stuff as natural preservatives for kimchi, the methanol extracts of 15 kinds of vegetable kimchi stuff were solvent-fractionated and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activities against Leuconostoc mesenteroids, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The neutral fractions of the extracts of garlic and leek showed strong antimicrobial activities. The extract of leek showed particularly strong antimicrobial activities against Ped. cerevisiae and L. plantarum that were known to be main microorganism of fermentation and acidification of kimchi. The results suggest the possible use of the leek extract as natural preservatives for kimchi.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1051-1054
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• 2007

An edible wild perennial plant with extremely potent antimicrobial activity was found and identified as apiifolia Virgin's Bower (Clematis apiifolia DC) which is easily found around wet wildernesses. Fresh fruit extract of C. apiifolia exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the vicinity of 0.1% against various yeasts and of less than or equal to 0.4% for non-lactic acid bacteria. MICs against lactic acid bacteria were about 2.0%. The antimicrobial activity of C. apiifolia fruit was even more potent than that of garlic which has been known for its potent antimicrobial activity. The principal antimicrobial compound of fruit extract of C. apiifolia was isolated and identified by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography as protoanemonin (a gamma lactone of 4-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoic acid). The antimicrobial activity of C. apiifolia was stable at high temperatures, and the activity was maintained after heating at $121^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The antimicrobial compound of C. apiifolia was supposed to inhibit microorganisms by reacting with sulfhydryl groups of cellular proteins.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.599-610
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the effect of water extracts from Namhae special crops (NSC) on improved serum lipid composition using rats fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Male Wister rats (200-210 g) were divided into six groups: Normal cholesterol diet group (Normal), 1% cholesterol diet group (Control), 1% cholesterol and NSC water extract powder supplemented groups, including, turmeric (Tu-EP), cactus (Ba-EP), aloe vera (Al-EP) and asparagus (As-EP). No significant differences were observed for food intake or body weight gain between the control and experimental groups. However, food efficiency ratio (FER) was the lowest in the As-EP group. The serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the NSC water powder extract supplement groups were lower than those in the control group. The serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol content in the Tu-EP group was higher than that in the other experimental groups. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol content in the As-EP group was similar to that in normal group. Furthermore, the VLDL content in the Al-EP group was lower than that in the normal group. Serum antioxidant activity by TBARS level and DPPH radical scavenging were significantly higher in the Ba-EP group than that in the control group. Hepatic total cholesterol and lipid content in the Al-EP group decreased significantly compared to that in the control group. These results suggest that the NSC water extract may reduce serum cholesterol and prevent oxidative stress by stimulating antioxidative systems in rats fed a 1% cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1436-1444
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• 2013

To improve the functionality of black garlic drinks, black garlic extract (5%) and five herb extracts (1%) were mixed in 70:30 (v/v) ratios as BHF1, and BHF2 was prepared using a 3X concentration of BHF1. After the black garlic and herb formulas (BHFs) were administered over the course of five weeks in rats by interval running training, the lipid profiles and the antioxidant enzyme activities were tested. The total phenolic content of the BHFs were significantly higher in BHF2 than they were in BHF1, and their antioxidant activities were dependent upon the total phenolic content. No significant difference was found in the total serum protein levels among the rats in the Ex-con group by interval running training and the rats in the BHFs-fed groups. However, the albumin level was significantly higher in the Ex-BHF2 to Ex-con group. AST and ALT activities significantly decreased in the BHFs-fed groups compared to the Ex-con group. In terms of changes in the serum lipid profiles, no significant difference was found between the specimens that underwent interval running training and those that did not undergo interval running training. Triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HTR levels in the serum were significantly decreased in the Ex-BHF2 to Ex-con group. No significant difference was found in the total lipid levels in the livers of the BHFs-fed groups and the Ex-con group. The triglyceride levels and total cholesterol levels in the Ex-BHF2 group were significantly lower compared to another group. Hepatic catalase activity was significantly increased in the Ex-BHF2 group, but SOD and GSH-px activities were significantly increased as the concentration of the BHF. The antioxidant enzyme activities by supplementation of BHFs increased; thus, three intakes of BHF each day could improve antioxidant status against different types of oxidative stress.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.199-209
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• 2010

This study was aimed to investigate the effects in different immersion doses of garlic, Allium sativum, juice to modulate on the nonspecific immune responses of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, artificially prechallenged with Streptococcus iniae BS10 and Edwardsiella tarda KE-1, respectively. The nonspecific immune responses of the tested fish were assessed in term of skin mucus lysozyme activity, the change of bacterial cell counts in organs, the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils in blood, and SOD activity. Almost groups of the prechallenged with either S. iniae BS10 or E. tarda KE-1 fish which had been immersed in garlic juice showed the enhanced skin mucus lysozyme activity, the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils in blood, and SOD activity in the kidney but the decreased the number of bacterial cell in surveyed organs. RPS in the group immersed in 0.25 g/L of garlic juice was much higher than in other immersed test groups. These results suggested that the garlic juice immersion can be effective on enhancement of the nonspecific immune responses and the protective ability of olive flounder to the artificial challenge with S. iniae BS10 and E. tarda KE-1.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.09a
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• pp.246-247
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• 2011

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 1994

Erwinia rhapontici causes soft-rot disease in a number of plants such as rhubarb, onion, hyacinth and garlic. Pectate lyase (Pel) depolymerizes pectin and other polygalacturonates, which is though to play a role in bacterial invasion of plants. Pel activity was not detected in E. rhapontici cultured in a minimal salts medium containing glycerol, polygalacturonate, or citrus pectin as a carbon source. However, when sterilized potato tuber and Chinese cabbage slices were added to minimal salts polygalacturonate (0.5%) medium, E. rhapontici produced pectate lyase enzyme. Also Pel activity was consistently detected from macerated potato tubers, Chinese cabbage leaves, lettuce leaves and celery petioles tissue. Pel in the extract of macerated Chinese cabbage caused by E. rhapontici strain 1, resulted in electrolyte loss, tissue maceration and cell death of potato tuber tissue. These results indicate that E. rhapontici produces pectate lyase only in the presence of non-diffusible plant components, and that this enzyme probably contributes to its pathogenicity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.92.2-92.2
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• 2008

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.549-553
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• 2010

Yeast strains with good sensory properties were selected, and those yeasts were subjected to mutation to develop high glutathione producing yeasts. In addition, the antiradical activity and flavoring effect of the yeast extract were evaluated. A total of 68 strains were screened, and three strains of Saccharomyces utilis, four strains of Candida utilis, and one strain of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii were selected based on the flavoring effect. Among them, a random mutation was elicited against SEM-Y8, resulting in a high flavoring effect and growth rate. The glutathione production by SEM-Y8 increased 2.0-fold following the mutation, and the DPPH radical quenching effect of the SY8-M2-1-derived extract increased 3.2-fold compared to that of the wild type. The sensory properties of the SY8-M2-1-derived extract were better than those of garlic or onion extract in umami and mouthfulness. Thus, the SY8-M2-1 extract could be used as a functional flavoring material with improved antiradical activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.124-128
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• 2004

We have assessed amyloid ${\beta}-peptide$ $(A{\beta})-induced$ neurotoxicity in primary neurons and organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHC) in rat. Exposing cultured hippocampal and cerebellar granule neurons to $A{\beta}$ resulted in a decrease of MTT reduction, and in destruction of neuronal integrity. Treatment of these neurons with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), also decreased MTT reduction in these neurons. S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), an active organosulfur compound in aged garlic extract, protected hippocampal but not cerebellar granule neurons against $A{\beta}$- or tunicamycin-induced toxicity. In the hippocampal neurons, protein expressions of casapse-12 and GRP 78 were significantly increased after $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ or tunicamycin treatment. The increase in the expression of caspase-12 was suppressed by simultaneously adding $1{\mu}M$ SAC in these neurons. In contrast, in the cerebellar granule neurons, the expression of caspase-12 was extremely lower than that in the hippocampal neurons, and an increase in the expression by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ or tunicamycin was not detected. In OHC, ibotenic acid (IBO), a NMDA receptor agonist, induced concentration-dependent neuronal death. When $A{\beta}$ was combined with IBO, there was more intense cell death than with IBO alone. SAC protected neurons in the CA3 area and the dentate gyrus (DG) from the cell death induced by IBO in combination with $A{\beta}$, although there was no change in the CA1 area. Although protein expression of casapse-12 in the CA3 area and the DG was significantly increased after the simultaneous treatment of AI3 and IBO, no increase in the expression was observed in the CA1 area. These results suggest that SAC could protect against the neuronal cell death induced by the activation of caspase-12 in primary cultures and OHC. It is also suggested that multiple mechanisms may be involved in neuronal death induced by AI3 and AI3 in combination with IBO.