• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.54-65
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• 1985

Korean Landscape Garden may be described according to its stage of development. In the primitive agricultural era, the garden was preceded by vegetable yards and at this time rock arranging (Soo-Sok garden) was initiated together with the megalithis culture of dolmens, heavenly altars and tumuli. In the early Three Kingdom period palace gardens were built on a grand scale and toward the end of fourth century temple garden were introduced along with Buddhism. These gardens evolved to the flourishment of "HWAGE"(terraced gardens) rock arrangements of ZEN, early KOR-YO period. Especially since the middle of KOR-Yo period the "IM-CHUN"(forest and pond) garden became popular, while during Cho-Son period "HWAGE" in the back yard, pond and pool garden and "IM-CHUN" style country villa became fashionable. The Korea traditional Landscape garde may be characterized that first it is a nature Landscape style, which makes the maximum accomodation with the surrounding nature. Secondly, the Korean garden is built creatively by utilizing the elements of its climate and topography, Kogu-Ryo, Paik-Je great-Kaya and Sil-Ra had developed original a castle town plans and beautiful gardens rock arrangements which precede the equivalent style of China and set the prototype for Japan. The Landscape art of waterfalls and rock arrangements at An-Ap-Chi garden of 7th century has no equals in China and set the origin of pond style of Japanese garden.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-60
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• 1978

Significant findings concerning the cause of the gardening revolution of the eighteenth century in England, its landscape style and contribution to a new style are concluded as follows: 1. The English landscape garden is regarded as a great revolution in the history of landscape architecture, and it was in the eighteenth century, in England, that garden and landscape first came together. 2. For at no time in history has there been such general interest in gardens and in the total physical landscape, so much writing and criticism and open debate. 3. Garden design did not become a definite art form in England until the eighteenth century. During the period it can be seen that there were developing three distinct types of garden, that is, the picturesque garden, the 'poetic' garden and 'abstract' garden. 4. Also developing was a new appreciation for natural forms and natural landscape, expressed in painting, poetry and garden design, and the landscape gardeners tried bard to malce country scenery look as though man had not had a hand in it. Eventually these open spaces contributed to a new type of spatial form development of naturalistic landscape style which is today taken for granted as a normal component of the landscape architect's palette.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 1998

The background of this study is to provide meaning of landscape history and to find out landscape origines which were strongly concerned with the nature through breaking out the form of conventional adapting elements from an exterior. And the purpose of this study is to review Brown's philosophy as picturesque landscape architectur and to provide useful Brown's characteristics to contemporary landscape by epitomizing his design elements. Brown estiablished a foundation of the English landscape garden of the eighteenth century. And the concept, the beauty of nature, is considered as a beginning point of modernism study. The study of the Brownian style as profoundity theme is conversion view to the development of the history of garden. These days, the restoration of the Brownian style at the public or garden design in England is based on the nature recourse of the original character of human. And also his style can be understood to seek the progressive transformation as to perfectly known the possibility of the place, to get clues to the solutions, and to be able to iprove the quality of environment. Therefore, Brown's efforts for seeding the essence of landscape architecture escaping from Englands old-fashioned landscape design skills might be considered in high worth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 1999

It may be said that ancient wild Chinese garden had been founded during Qin dynasty and completed through Han, Sui and Tang dynasties. At first used as hunting areas for kings, the ancient resort forests began to take forms of garden. They dug a pond in the garden and made a simulated mountains with the soil that came from the excavations for the pond and suc pavilions has Gyong, Ru, Gak etc. were built around the pond. The ponds were different in size from those in Korea, being of the lake-like size. they made three island in the pond, which were the islands of Taoist hermits with supernatural powers, called Bong-lae, Young-ju and Band-jang respectively. the traditional of making those islands began in the Qin era and were completed in the Han era, being descended to posterity as a traditional garden structure of 'three islands in one pond' garden style. Such style was brought to Korea and first appeared as Kung-Nam-Ji in Back-jae kingdom and then brought to Japan, becoming the tradition of constructing ponds from early Heian era. Those lake-like huge Chinese ponds constituted the core of ancient garden where various feasts took place. Such ponds were also placed at the center of the gardens and played the roles of feasting garden ponds. Through the above-mentioned studies of the ancient Chines garden, the origin of them and the influence of the ancient Chinese ponded garden upon those of Korea and Japan were investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.118-129
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• 2011

This study is about the governor general's official residence and its garden in Yongsan that were constructed during the Japanese occupational time. The garden design drawing was also made while planning such Neo-Baroque style building, and it contains particular information of the garden unlike the other existing landscape drawings. The content of garden translated and landscape historical value drawn out by analysis of garden drawings, press articles and literatures are as follows; First, such governor general's official residence garden in Yongsan is likely to be the Korean first western style landscape form. For, from the point that it was completely constructed together with such official residential building in 1909, its construction time should be before that of the garden of Seokjojeon, Deoksu Palace, which was constructed in 1911. Second, it shows the garden style and garden planting factors introduced together with the modern architecture then. Such garden planting factors are placed from the center axis of the garden that is connected to the center of the building and monument as well. Such style and factors cover and show the flower bed appearing in Baroque style gardens, the monument that forms Vista playing the center of audience's vision, water space that is placed symmetrically against the axis, planting pattern that emphasizes the plants' space, flower bed shape and axis, and what kinds of plants were introduced then. Third, it shows the using pattern of western style gardens. Western style garden parties used to take in place in this garden while official dinner and reception were held in the evening in the official residence. Fourth, it shows the historical value as a modern landscape drawing, which is the Korean first landscape drawing that shows the plants' names and planting techniques marking the current height and planned height for change of topography and water system as a water landscape factor. That is, this drawing has the value that it was upgraded from the other existing ones that expressed only simple plants' symbols or flower bed shapes. I, therefore, hope that the studies on the modern landscape would be getting wider by excavation of new historical records in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.59-66
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• 2023

This study attempts to examine the process of establishing a Japanese-style garden in the modern period through the perspectives of garden designers, spatial composition, spatial components, and materials used in their works, and to use it as data for embodying the identity of Korean garden. The results are as follows: First, by incorporating elements associated with Koreanness into the modern garden culture, there are differences in location, presence, and subjectivity when compared to Japan. This reflects Japan's relatively seamless cultural continuity compared to Korea's cultural disconnection during the modern period. Second, prior to the modern period, Japan's garden culture spread and continued to develop throughout the country without significant interruptions. However, during the modern period, the Meiji government promoted the policy of 'civilization and enlightenment (Bunmei-kaika, 文明開化)' and introduced advanced European and American civilizations, leading to the popularity of Western-style architectural techniques. Unfortunately, the rapid introduction of Western culture caused the traditional Japanese culture to be overshadowed. In 1879, British architect Josiah Condor guided Japanese architects and introduced atelier and traditional designs of Japanese gardens into the design. The garden style of Ogawa Jihei VII, a garden designer in Kyoto during the Meiji and Taisho periods, was accepted by influential political and business leaders who sought to preserve Japan's traditional culture. And a protection system of garden was established through the preparation of various laws and regulations. Third, as a comprehensive analysis of Japanese modern gardens, the examination of garden designers, Japanese components, materials, elements, and the Japanese-style showed that Yamagata Aritomo, Ogawa Jihei VII, and Mirei Shigemori were representative garden designers who preserved the Japanese-style in their gardens. They introduced features such as the creation of a Daejicheon(大池泉) garden, which involves a large pond on a spacious land, as well as the naturalistic borrowed scenery method and water flow. Key components of Japanese-style gardens include the use of turf, winding garden paths, and the variation of plant species. Fourth, an analysis of the Japanese-style elements in the target sites revealed that the use of flowing water had the highest occurrence at 47.06% among the individual elements of spatial composition. Daejicheon and naturalistic borrowed scenery were also shown. The use of turf and winding paths were at 65.88% and 78.82%, respectively. The alteration of tree species was relatively less common at 28.24% compared to the application of turf or winding paths. Fifth, it is essential to discover more gardens from the modern period and meticulously document the creators or owners of the gardens, the spatial composition, spatial components, and materials used. This information will be invaluable in uncovering the identity of our own gardens. This study was conducted based on the analysis of the process of establishing the Japanese-style during Japan's modern period, utilizing examples of garden designers and gardens. While this study has limitations, such as the absence of in-depth research and more case studies or specific techniques, it sets the stage for future exploration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.112-122
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• 1997

There is not enough excavation examples and bibliographies to study the garden of Baek Je as the ancient landscape architecture style This study was to seek the ancient Japanese gardens which had a great concern with Baek Je in order to surmount the limitation in the study on Baek Je's Gardens . As the result, there were founded the three ponds and one garden facility in ancient Japanese gardens focused on Aska region. The traces of the landscape architecture of Baek Je style were founded in the pond form and rubble masonry and such like. This study was the first trial to the study on the garden of Baek Je style in Japan And excavation examples which had a concern with Baek Je will be more in Japan. So more study is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

The goal of this study is to identify the new Architectural type of house and Landscape design pattern of the collective housing area in American garden city, Midlothian near Richmond of Virginia. I had been surveyed old houses of the Virginia and new single family houses and landscape design style of Mariners village to find a different style of houses and lots. The Richmond, capital city of Virginia, is surrounded by five suburban areas and counties. One of them is the Chesterfield where it has main street of Midlothian garden city. The city of Midlothian has a function of residence area both to stay in the forest garden and to go to downtown office of Richmond. There are a lot of collective housing area out of the capital city. I surveyed house form, lots, and site design pattern of the Mariners village in Midlothian. The community of Mariners shows a particular characteristics and harmonious pattern of suburban residence area in a view point of new project. There are three results of this study as follows: First, the types of house in suburban garden city, Midlothian, are focused on vernacular Colonial style with country house, traditional house, and front gable house form which are an unique new American single home. Second, the landscape design of this collective housing area, the Mariners village, has a unity view of residence community, harmony between house and lots, and a sensitive cul-de-sac pattern and loops type with rational land using based on the forest topology. Third, the Mariners village shows that the design concept of landscape architecture has to consider of traditionalism, naturalism, and living condition of residents.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.16
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• pp.201-224
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• 2013

The tradition of the representative art style in the Sinosphere, Shanshui hua, expresses the traditional representation of the harmony and principle of the universe. This tradition is reflected in the Chinese garden. These Chinese gardens were precisely the three-dimension representations of Shanshui hua, a visual form of abstract expression of the oriental philosophical thinking. This research determines and draws attention to the vestiges of the reflection of Shanshui hua in the European gardens through visual art and culture. It will also approach the two subjects, Shanshui hua and garden, from a transcultural view to integrally analyze visual art. The appearance of Anglo-Chinese gardens, reflecting Shanshui hua, foreshowed a big change in traditional European gardens. This is a concrete example of the transcultural phenomenon. This has formed the typical naturally curved English gardens in the gardening history. This also divided these English gardens completely from the symmetrical, geometrical French gardens. This study considers the influence and the reverberation of Shanshui hua reflected on European gardens in the European culture. The cultural exchange of European and Chinese styles in the 18th century left an impact on the European gardening style history. Finally, this study analyzes the origin of these Anglo-Chinese gardens and its content to approach it with a transcultural view as a research methodology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.83-90
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to find out the ways of community landscape design in American garden city, Logan in Northern Utah. I had been surveyed historic homes and single units to take a dig how to keep and develope a good community landscape of the city in both the Historic District and residential area, researching of documents. City of Logan surveyed contains a remarkable landscape views of various historical house styles and contemporary single units based on traditional house styles out of central street. For they have been controled by Center Street National Historic District Design Standards and Logan Land Development Code with Logan General Plan. Logan community shows today a particular identity and harmonious landscape of residential area in a view point of old and new buildings. There are three results of the study as follows: First, the types of homes in Historic District are focused on Victorian style with Prairie homes which are unique American style, the Craftman that is revised as American home style, and vernacular style. Second, the historical houses have been controled by HPC since 1978 in order to keep the original buildings and landscape architecture, and the general single units by building code of the city in General Plan. Third, it must be citizen participation design to build up a beautiful landscape that Logan has maintained a safety garden city people hope to live in.