• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.4 s.75
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• pp.285-297
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• 1995

Ganoderan, an immunomodulating ${\beta}-glucan$ of G. lucidum, induces potent antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. The present study was set up to elucidate the chemical composition and bioactivities of ganoderan obtained from the mycelial fractionation of G. lucidum IY009. Ganoderan was isolated and purified from its extracellular, cell wall and cytoplasmic sources. These ganoderans were composed mainly of glucose. The cell wall-alkali soluble-water soluble fraction (CW-AS-WS) showed the highest antitumor activity (inhibition rate of 94%) in sarcoma-bearing mice and 37% of anticomplementary activity. The CW-AS-WS fraction was found to be approximately average 20,000 dalton in aq. 0.3N NaOH solution and composed of 88% carbohydrate and 4% protein. The carbohydrate of the CW-AS-WS was composed of 74% glucose. These results indicate that the ganoderans extracted from the mycelial fractionations of G. lucidum IY009 had different chemical characteristics and showed different potentiality in antitumor and anticomplementary activity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

To evaluate hepatoprotective effects of G009, an hepatoprotective agent which was extracted from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009, we were, studied using $CCl_4$-and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The ratio of liver weight to body weight, the value of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities, the change of a lipids in serum, and the inhibitory activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in serum and liver homogenate were determined in rats. G009 was not significantly changed of the ratio of liver weight to body weight and the content of lipids in serum, but reduced the serum GOT and GPT values in $CCl_4$-and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Especially, protective effect of G009 on rat hepatic injuries induced by galactosamine was significantly appeared. $CCl_4$ increased markedly the formation of lipid peroxides in the liver homogenate, and serum. The increase of lipid peroxides by $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity was markedly reduced by the treatment with G009. These results suggest that the hepatoprotective effects of G009 may be correlated with its anti-lipid peroxidative activity, therefore, it may be potential agent for hepatic disease.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.190-196
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• 1994

Alkali soluble(AS) fraction, revealed the highest antitumor activity of the alkali extracted fractions of G. lucidum IY 009, was loaded on DEAE cellulose(OH$^{-}$ form) column. AS-1, AS-2, AS-3, AS-4 and AS-5 were obtained by stepwise elution with H$_{2}$O, 0.1 M NaHCO$_{3}$, 0.3 M NaHCO$_{3}$, 0.5 M NaHCO$_{3}$ and 0.5 N NaOH respectively, and their antitumor activities(I.R. %) against the sarcoma 180 were 97.5%, 68.0%, 73.0%, 81.0% and 66.0% respectively. AS-1 observed highest antitumor activity was appeared as single peak on the Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, and their molecular weight was about 580,000 dalton. The carbohydrate content of AS-1 was 98.9%, their monosaccharide consisted of 67.5% of mannose, 22.5% of xylose, 5.8% of glucose, 1.8% of galactose and 2.0% of ribose. AS-1 was assumed $\alpha $linkaged xylomannan having infrared absorption at 864.3 cm$^{-1}$. The main alditol acetates of AS-1 were identified as 1,5-Di-O-acetyl1-2,3,4-Tri-O-methylxylitol, 1,4,5-Tro-O-acety1-2,3,6-Tri-O-methylmannitol and 1,3,4,5-Tetra-O-acety1-2,6-Di-O-methylmannitol by methylation analysis, and their molar ratio was 1 : 2 : 1. The core portion of AS-1 might be $\alpha $-(1$\longrightarrow $ 4)mannopyranosyl unit branched with side chain, C1 of xylopyranosyl residue linked to C3 of every 3 mannopyranosyl units, and the degree of polymerization of structural unit in AS-1 was about 835.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.107-107
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of the polysaccharide(G009) obtained from liquid cultured Ganoderma lucidum IY009 on the lipidperoxidation in rat liver microsome. It is well known that the polysaccharide of G. lucidum have the hepatoprotective activity, antitumor activity etc., which was thought to have the relationship to anti-lipidperoxidation. In order to the estimate the effects of anti-lipidperoxidation of the polysaccharide obtained from G. lucidum IY009, enzymatic and nonenzymatic reaction were performed, in vitro, in rat liver microsome. In enzymatic lipid peroxidation reaction by ADP/FeCl$_3$/NADPH and $CCl_4$/NADPH, G009(1mg/ml) inhibited 77.4%, 39.4%, respectively, and the nonenzymatic reaction strongly exhibited 97.4% inhibition. And also, in enzymatic and nonenzymatic inducers treated with G009, the formation of MDA was progressively greater decreased by raising G009 concentration. These results suggest that anti-lipidperoxidation by G009 treatment may be play an important part in liver protection action.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

In the present study, the antigenic potential of G009, a polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum IY009, was determined in BALB/C mice and Hartley guinea pigs. Antigenicity tests, including passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) and indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) were performed according to the established guidelines of National Institute of Safety Research. The results were as follows: 1. Mice showed no production of antibodies against G009 sensitized with an adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide gel (alum), when judged by the heterologous PCA test in rats. Meanwhile, antibodies against ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized with alum were clearly detected. 2. In the studies with guinea pigs, both the sensitization of G009 alone and of G009 with complete Freund's adjutant (CFA) did not produce positive reactions in homologous PCA. In the case of ASA, however, G009 alone and G009 with CFA produced positive reactions. 3. No G009 specific reaction was observed in an IHA assay using sera isolated from G009 sensitized mice. These findings suggest that G009 have no antigenicity potential in mice but may have weak antigenicity in guinea pjgs.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

To examine the structural properties of the proteoglycan (GMPG, Ganoderma lucidum mycelial proteoglycan) obtained from mycelia in Ganoderma lucidum IY009, we obtained the low and high molecular proteoglycan by ultrafiltration and sepharose CL-4B column chromatography. The physicochemical properties of these fractions were as follows. When the proteoglycan separated by ultrafiltration and sepharose CL-4B column chromatography, its was not fractionated completely. The molecular weight of high molecular proteoglycan by the gel column chromatography (CH) was 250 kD and 2,000 kD, and low molecular proteoglycan was 12kD. The total carbohydrate was consisted of 75.7% (UH) and 96.7% (CH), and the low fraction was 72.7% (UL) and 87.1% (CL), respectively. The sugar of high and low molecular proteoglycan composed of glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose, xylose, ribose and arabinose. Glucose contents of all fraction were ranged from $46.9%{\sim}82.4%$ of the total sugar and the ratio of ${\alpha}$\;and\;{\beta}-glucose$ was $0.84{\sim}1.14$, and its indicated the proteoglycan to be ${\beta}-glucan$. Amino acids pattern showed that the fractions contained a large amount of aspartie acid, glutamic acid, alanine and leucine. These fractions showed the characteristics of IR absorption for ${\beta}-glucan$ at $890\;cm^{-1}\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$ spectroscopy showed the presence of the ${\beta}-1,3-glucan$ and a ${\beta}-1,6-glucan$.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory activities of proteoglycan extracted from cultured mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IY009. The proteoglycan contained two polymer peaks, one was the higher MW peak of 2,000 kD and the other was low peaks of 12kD. To understand the part of strong pharmaceutical activity between two peak, the proteoglycan was separated by ultrafiltration and column chromatography and then examined the various pharmaceutical effects. High molecular weight fraction possesing high content of ${\beta}-linked$ glucan was exhibited high antitumor activity, against sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mouse. And also, anticomplementary activity was highly observed in high molecule fraction than low it fraction. When the raw 264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophage treated with low fraction, high fraction and other stimuli. The activities inducing tumor necrosis factor of the high factions were $2.2{\sim}2.5$ times stronger than that of low fraction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.106-106
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• 1995

A polysaccharide, G009, isolated from Ganoderma lucidum IY009 subjected to investigating on general pharmacology. This material at the large oral doses of 1000 and 2000mg/kg in mice did neither exhibit any abnormal behaviors nor effects on central nervous system. It also had no influences on hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, rotarod test and spontaneous activity test at each oral dose of 1000mg/kg in mice. No effects on the body temperature and on acetic acid induced writhing syndrome in mice were observed with its oral administration at 1000mg/kg, and the convulsions induced by strychnine and pentetrazole were not inhibited at its oral doses of 1000mg/kg in mice. The solution of G009 as given intravenously at the doses of 30 and 60mg/kg in rabbit had no influences on blood pressure and respiration rates and depth. In isolated organs of rat uterus and fundus muscles and guinea-pig ileum and trachea, it did not show any contraction or relaxation at the concentration of 2$\times$10$^{-3}$g/ml, and the contractive actions produced by oxytocin, acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine did not inhibited by the same doses. This material showed no effect on intestinal propulsion test in mice and gastric secretion in rats at the oral doses of 1000mg/kg. However, it is interesting that the material exhibited potent inhibition of acidified aspirin induced gastric damage at the doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg in rats.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 1996

In this study, the anti-lipidperoxidative effects of G009, a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum IY009, was determined in ascorbic acid-$Fe^{2+}$-adenosine 5-diphosphate-intoxicated rat. In a model of ascorbic acid-Fe$^{2+}$-adenosine 5-diphosphate-induced hepatotoxicity in rat, G009 exhibited anti-lipidperoxidative effect in rat liver homogenate, and that malondialdehyde values of the liver homogenate inhibited from 48.1% to 74.8% in comparison to controls (p<0.05). The malondialdehyde formation in serum inhibited 66.5% at 100 mg/kg of G009. Also, serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase in peroxidizer-induced rats treated with G009 was decreased compared with control. Especially, the formation of lipid peroxides in serum was related to glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels. These results suggest that G009 has a protective effect on ascorbic acid-$Fe^{2+}$-adenosine 5-diphosphate-induced hepatic injury through an inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liver.r.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.222-222
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• 1996

In order to elucidate the correlation between the lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity, the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver homogenate and serum, and the transaminase activities were determined in intoxicated by ascorbic acid-Fe$\^$2+/-ADP in rat. In a model of ascorbic acid-Fe$\^$2+/-ADP hepatotoxicity, G009, which was obtained from Ganoderma lucidum IY009, exhibited anti-lipid peroxidative effect in rat liver homogenate, and that MDA values of the liver homogenate decreased from 48.1% to 74.8% in comparision to controls (p<0.01) Also, the MDA formation in serum inhibited 66.5% at 100 mg/kg of G009. Serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) in peroxidizer-induced rats treated with G009 was decreased compared with control. Especially, The formation of lipid peroxides in serum was related to GPT levels. These results that G009 has a protective effect on ascorbic acid-Fe$\^$2+/-ADP-induced hepatic injury through an inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liver.