• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.58-71
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• 1997

In order to the location and local arrangement of nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers projecting to the meridian points related to facial nerve paralysis in the rat using the neural tracers, CTB and WGA-HRP, labeled neurons the were investigated by immunohistochemical and HRP histochemical methods following injection of 2.5% WGA-HRP and 1% CTB into Hyopko$(S_6)$. Chichang$(S_4)$, Sugu$(GV_{26})$, Sajukkong$(TE_{23})$ and Yangbaek$(G_{14})$. Following injection of Hyopko$(S_6)$, Chichang$(S_4)$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, reticular nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus. labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in mesencephalic trigeminal tract, sensory root of trigeminal nerve, oral, interpolar and caudal part of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Following injection of Sugu$(GV_{26})$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus. Labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in spinal trigeminal tract, trigeminal motor nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal tract, oral. interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus, dorsal part of reticular part and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Following injection of Sajukkong$(TE_{23})$ and Yangbaek$(G_{14})$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus. Labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in oral, interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, inferior olovary nucleus, medullary reticular field and lamina I-IV of $C_{1-2}$ spinal cord. Location of nerve cell body and nerve fibers projecting to the meridian points related to the facial nerve paralysis in the rats were found in facial nucleus and trigeminal motor nucleus. Sensory neurone were found in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in mesencephalic trigeminal tract, oral, interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius. lateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular field.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.95-117
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• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation between the meridian, acupoints and viscera using neuroanatomical tracers. The common locations of the spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, spinal cord and brain projecting to the large intestine meridian were observed following injection of transganglionic tracer, WGA-HRP and transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), Bartha strain(Ba) and PRV-Ba-Gal (Galactosidase)) into the the large intestine(cecum, colon and rectum), ST37 and LI4. After survival times of 96 hours following injection into the thirty rats with WGA-HRP, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal. They were perfused, and their spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by HRP and X-gal histochemical and PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with a light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating the large intestine were observed bilaterally within the T13-L4 sympathetic chain ganglia, and T9-11 spinal ganglia. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating ST37 were observed within the L3-5 sympathetic chain ganglia, and L2-4 spinal ganglia. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating LI4 were observed in the middle cervical ganglion and stellate ganglion, and C5-8 spinal ganglia. 2. In spinal cord, PRV-Ba labeled neurons projecting to the large intestine, ST37 and LI4 were found in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina N, V, VII(intermediolateral nucleus), Ⅸ, X and dorsal nucleus. 3. In medulla oblongata, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons projecting to the large intestine, ST37 and LI4 were commonly found in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus and gigantocellular nucleus. 4. In pons, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in locus coeruleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucieus and A5 cell group. 5. In midbrain, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in central gray matter. 6. In diencephalon, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. These results suggest that PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled common areas projecting to the large intestine may be correlated to that of the large intestine meridian, ST37 and LI4. Especially, These morphological results provide that interrelationship of meridian-acupoints -viscera may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2016

Background: The location and the number of lumbar sympathetic ganglia (LSG) vary between individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate level for a lumbar sympathetic ganglion block (LSGB), corresponding to the level at which the LSG principally aggregate. Methods: Seventy-four consecutive subjects, including 31 women and 31 men, underwent LSGB either on the left (n = 31) or the right side (n = 43). The primary site of needle entry was randomly selected at the L3 or L4 vertebra. A total of less than 1 ml of radio opaque dye with 4% lidocaine was injected, taking caution not to traverse beyond the level of one vertebral body. The procedure was considered responsive when the skin temperature increased by more than $1^{\circ}C$ within 5 minutes. Results: The median responsive level was significantly different between the left (lower third of the L4 body) and right (lower margin of the L3 body) sides (P = 0.021). However, there was no significant difference in the values between men and women. The overall median responsive level was the upper third of the L4 body. The mean responsive level did not correlate with height or BMI. There were no complications on short-term follow-up. Conclusions: Selection of the primary target in the left lower third of the L4 vertebral body and the right lower margin of the L3 vertebral body may reduce the number of needle insertions and the volume of agents used in conventional or neurolytic LSGB and radiofrequency thermocoagulation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2001

Background: The lumbar sympathetic ganglia are variable in both position and numbers. The aim of this study was to detect the appropriate lumbar vertebral level where the lumbar sympathetic ganglia primarily aggregate. Methods: Forty patients comprising of hyperhidrosis (26 cases), complex regional pain syndrome (10 cases), peripheral artery occlusion disease (3 cases) and postherpetic neuralgia (1 case) underwent lumbar sympathetic block. We randomly selected one of two (L2 or L3) levels and the L4 level. The position of the needle tip and distribution of dye was verified by injection of a mixture of radio-opaque dye (1.5 ml) and 4% lidocaine (1.5 ml) and subsequently confirmed by L-spine anteroposterior and a lateral view X-ray. We considered the response positive when the skin temperature increased more than $1^{\circ}C$ in 5 min. Results: In general, the positive response ratio was greater when the needle tip located at the L2 or L4 level vice L3 and when the drug was distributed on the lower half of the L4 body and in the L4/5 intervertebral disc space. In a right side block, the positive response ratio was greater when the drug was distributed on the lower half of the L4 body and in the L4/5 intervertebral disc space, although in a left side block there was no significant difference seen between the levels. The complications of the neurolytic block were alcohol neuritis (7.5%) and hypoesthesia (5%) on the L1 or L2 dermatome. Conclusions: The best effect with least chance of complication may be induced by spreading the drug on the lower half of the L4 body and/or into the L4/5 intervertebral disc space by placing the needle tip on the L4 body.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 2003

This experimental studies was to investigate the location of PNS and CNS labeled neurons following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRY), Bartha strain, into the ductus deferens of rats. After survival times 4-5 days following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and PRV, the rats were perfused, and their brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia and spinal ganglia were frozen sectioned ($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by HRP histochemical and PRY inummohistochemical staining methods, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows ; 1. The location of sympathetic ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in pelvic ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion and L1-6 lwnbar sympathetic ganglia. 2. The location of spinal ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in T13-L6 spinal ganglia. 3. The PRY labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in lateral spinal nucleus, lamina I, II and X of cervical segments. In thoracic segments, PRY labeled neurons were observed in dorsomedial part of lamina I, II and III, and dorsolateral part of lamina IV and V. Densely labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus. In first lumbar segment, labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal commisural nucleus. In sixth lumbar segment and sacral segments, dense labeled neurons were observed in sacral parasympathetic nuc., lamina IX and X. 4. In the medulla oblongata, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in the trigeminal spinal nuc., A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nuc., rostroventrolateral reticular nuc., area postrema, nuc. tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nuc., raphe pallidus nuc., raphe magnus nuc., parapyramidal nuc., lateral reticular nuc., gigantocellular reticular nuc.. 5. In the pons, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were ohserved in parabrachial nuc., Kolliker-Fuse nuc., locus cooruleus, subcooruleus nuc. and AS noradrenalin cells. 6. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in periaqueductal gray substance, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe nuc.. 7. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in paraventricular hypahalamic nuc., lateral hypothalamic nuc., retrochiasmatic nuc. and ventromedial hypothalamic nuc.. 8. In cerebrum, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in area 1 of parietal cortex. These results suggest that WGA-HRP labeled neurons of the spinal cord projecting to the rat ductus deferens might be the first-order neurons related to the viscero-somatic sensory and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled neurons of the brain and spinal cord may be the second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscles in ductus deferens. These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory and motor system monitaing the internal environment. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from ductus deferens to spinal cord and brain which may be play an important neuroanatornical basic evidence in the regulation of ductus deferens function.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2009

Background: We hypothesized that if a fluoroscopic image of the lumbar sympathetic ganglion block (LSGB) showed the spread patterns of contrast at both the L2/3 and L4/5 disc areas, then this would demonstrate a more profound blockade effect because the spread patterns are close to sympathetic ganglia. In addition, we compared the effects of LSGB and transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) for the patients suffering with spinal stenosis. Methods: Eighty patients were divided into two groups (Group S: the patients treated with TFESI, Group L: the patients treated with LSGB). The patients of group L were classified into three groups (groups A, B and, C) according to their contrast spread pattern. The preblock and postblock temperature difference between the ipsilateral and contralateral great toe ($DT^{pre}$, $DT^{post}$, $^{\circ}C$), and the DTnet were calculated as follows. $DT^{net}$ = $DT^{post}$ - $DT^{pre}$. Results: Both group showed a significant reduction of the visual analogue score (VAS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) score. Only the patients of group L showed a significant increase of their walking distance (WD). Group A showed the most significant changes in the $DT^{post}$ ($6.1{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$, P = 0.021), and the DTnet ($6.0{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, p = 0.023), as compared to group C. Conclusions: LSGB showed a similar effect on the VAS, and ODI, and a significant effect, on WD, compared with TFESI. Group A showed a significant sympatholytic effect, as compared to group C.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its actions are mediated by subtypes of GABA receptors named as $GABA_A$, $GABA_B,\;and\;GABA_C,\;GABA_A$, receptor consisting of ${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\gamma}\;and\;{\delta}$ subunits is a heterooligomeric ligand-gated chloride channel. This study was performed to investigate regulation of $GABA_A$ receptor by protein kinase C(PKC). Ion currents were recorded using gramicidine-perforated patch and whole cell patch clamp. mRNA encoding the subunits of PKC expressed in major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons was detected by using RT-PCR. The GABA-induced inward current was increased by PKC activators and decreased by PKC inhibitors, respectively. These effects were not associated with intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and GAG (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol), a membrane permeable diacylglycerol (DAG) analogue. These results mean that the subfamily of PKC participating in activation of $GABA_A$ receptor would be an atypical PKC (aPKC). Among theses, ${\xi}$ isoform of aPKC was detected by RT-PCR. Taking together, we suggest that excitable $GABA_A$ receptor in sympathetic MPG neuron seemed to be regulated by aPKC, particular in ${\xi}$ isoform. The regulatory roles of PKC on excitatory $GABA_A$ receptors in sympathetic neurons of MPG may be an important factor to control the functional activity of various pelvic organs such as bowel movement, micturition and erection.