• 열처리공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.181-187
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• 1997

TiAl intermetallic compound was candidated for the application to the high temperature materials such as a gas turbine exhaust valve in the automobile. However, this material dose not have ductility allowing to machinability to product. To improve the ductility, many researches conduct alloy design and heat treatment methods. We observed that the microstructure of TiAl varied with Ni, Mn elements as well as a heat treatment condition. In the case of Ni element addition, the TiAlNi intermetallic compound was precipitated at the grain boundary. When the heat treatment temperature increased from $1000^{\circ}C$ to $1300^{\circ}C$, the TiAlNi intermetallic compound was uniformly dispersed on the matrix. In the case of Mn element addition, the mixed duplex structure of ${\gamma}$-TiAl and lamellar(TiAl/$Ti_3Al$) was obtained with $1250^{\circ}C$ and $1300^{\circ}C$ heat treatment for 1 hour. When the heat treatment temperature increased from $1250^{\circ}C$ to $1300^{\circ}C$, the lamellar domain of the duplex structure was transformed near-lamellar structure.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2008

A transmission electron microscope investigation has been performed on the morphology of dislocations in deformed ${\gamma}^{\prime}-Ni_3(Al,Ti)$ alloys containing fine dispersion of disordered ${\gamma}$ particles. Superlattice dislocations dissociate into fourfold Shockley partial dislocations in a uniform supersaturated solid solution of the ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ phase. Dislocations are attracted into the disordered ${\gamma}$ phase and dissociate further in the particles. At any stage of aging, dislocations cut through the particles and the Orowan bypassing process does not occur even in the over-aged stage of this alloy system. The work necessary to pull the dislocation away from the disordered particles into the ordered matrix should mainly contribute to increase the strength of the ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ phase containing fine dispersion of the disordered ${\gamma}$ phase.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 1996

The segregation of S in electrotransport-purified polycrystaline $\alpha$-Ti and Ti-aluminide alloys has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy(AES), Ion scattering spectroscopy(ISS) and Secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) in the temperature range extending from 20 to $1000^{\circ}C$. The chemisorbed oxygen and carbon on Ti were observed to disappear at T>$400^{\circ}C$ after which the S signal increased to levels approaching 0.5 monolayer. At lower temperatures the presence of the surface oxygen and carbon appeared to inhibit the segregation, presumably because there were no available surfaces sites for the S emerging from the bulk. The activation energy for the S segregation in pure polycrystaline Ti was determined to be 16.7 kcal/mol, which, when compared to S segretation from single-crystal Ti, is quite small and suggests grain boundary or defect diffusion segregation kinetics. In the Ti-aluminide alloys, the presence of Al appeared to enhance the retention of surface oxygen which, in turn, substantially reduced the S segretation. The $\gamma$ alloy, with its high Al content, exhibited the greatest retention of surface oxygen and the smallest quantity of the S segregation(T$\simeq1000^{\circ}C$).

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.709-713
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• 2016

Grain morphology, phase stability and mechanical properties in binary Ti-Al alloys containing 43-52 mo1% Al have been investigated. Isothermal forging was used to control the grain sizes of these alloys in the range of 5 to $350{\mu}m$. Grain morphology and volume fraction of ${\alpha}_2$ phase were observed by optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy. Compressive properties were evaluated at room temperature, 1070 K, and 1270 K in an argon atmosphere. Work hardening is significant at room temperature, but it hardly took place at 1070 K and 1270 K because of dynamical recrystallization. The grain morphologies were determined as functions of aluminum content and processing conditions. The transus curve of ${\alpha}$ and ${\alpha}+{\gamma}$ shifted more to the aluminum-rich side than was the case in McCullough's phase diagram. Flow stress at room temperature depends strongly on the volume fraction of the ${\alpha}_2$ phase and the grain size, whereas flow stress at 1070 K is insensitive to the alloy composition or the grain size, and flow stress at 1270 K depends mainly on the grain size. The ${\alpha}_2$ phase in the alloys does not increase the proof stress at high temperatures. These observations indicate that improvement of both the proof stress at high temperature and the room temperature ductility should be achieved to obtain slightly Ti-rich TiAl base alloys.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.350-358
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• 2020

A variety of composite powders having different aluminum and carbon contents are prepared using various organic solvents having different amounts of carbon atoms in unit volume as ball milling agents for titanium and aluminum ball milling. The effects of substrate temperature and post-heat treatment on the texture and hardness of the coating are investigated by spraying with this reduced pressure plasma spray. The aluminum part of the composite powder evaporates during spraying, so that the film aluminum content is 30.9 mass%~37.4 mass% and the carbon content is 0.64 mass%~1.69 mass%. The main constituent phase of the coating formed on the water-cooled substrate is a non-planar α₂ phase, obtained by supersaturated carbon regardless of the alloy composition. When these films are heat-treated at 1123 K, the main constituent phase becomes γ phase, and fine Ti₂AlC precipitates to increase the film hardness. However, when heat treatment is performed at a higher temperature, the hardness is lowered. The main constitutional phase of the coating formed on the preheated substrate is an equilibrium gamma phase, and fine Ti₂AlC precipitates. The hardness of this coating is much higher than the hardness of the coating in the sprayed state formed on the water-cooled substrate. When hot pressing is applied to the coating, the porosity decreases but hardness also decreases because Ti₂AlC grows. The amount of Ti₂AlC in the hot-pressed film is 4.9 vol% to 15.3 vol%, depending on the carbon content of the film.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.242-247
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• 2009

On the Transient Liquid Phase Bonding (TLPB) phenomenon with the MBF-50 insert metal at narrow gap (under 100), it takes long time for the bonding and the homogenizing. Typically, isothermal solidification is controlled by the diffusion of depressed element of B and Si. However, the amount of B and Si in the MBF-50 filler metal is large. This is reason of the long bonding time. Also, the MBF-50 filler metal did not contained Al and Ti which are ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ phases former. This is reason of the long homogenizing time. From the bonding phenomenon with the MBF-50 insert metal, we search main factors on the bonding mechanism and select several insert-metals for using the wide-gap TLPB. New insert-metals contained Al and Ti which are ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ phases former and decrease the B then the MBF-50. When the new insert-metal was used on the TLPB, the bonding time was decreased about 1/10 times and homogenizing heat treatment was no needed. In spite of the without homogenizing, the volume fraction of ${\gamma}^{\prime}$ phases in the boned interlayer was equal to homogenizing heat treated specimen which was TLPB with the MBF-50. Finally, the new insert metal named WG1 for the wide-gap TLPB is more efficient then the MBF-50 filler metal without decreasing the bonding characteristic.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.1165-1169
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• 1998

제1세대 니켈계 단결정 초합금인 CMSX 6를 사용하여 셀렉타법으로 진공 정밀주조하여 단결정을 제작하였다. 주형온도 약 150$0^{\circ}C$, 주입온도 약 163$0^{\circ}C$와 용탕 주입 직후 주형을 2.5mm/분 속도로 하강시켜 단결정을 성장시켰다. 단결정 주조조직에서 기지와 공정조직은 ${\gamma}$' 석출물(Ni$_3$(Al, Ti)) 모양과 크기에 따라 각각 모두 두영역으로 구분되었으며, 공정조직의 Ti함랗은 기지보다 높았다. 즉, EPMA 및 CBED 분석 등으로 ${\gamma}$' 석출물을 분석한 결과, 기지내의 ${\gamma}$'은 크기가 0.5~0.7$\mu\textrm{m}$ 이하이며 화학조성상 Ni$_3$Al에 가까웠으며 격자구조도 Ll$_2$를 나타내었다. 반면에 공정조직에 가까울수록 ${\gamma}$' 크기는 1.0$\mu\textrm{m}$보다 컸으며, 모양도 판상형의 거대한 모양으로 바뀌었다. 화학조성 또한 Ni$_3$Ti에 가까웠으며 격자구조도 D $O_{24}$를 나타내었으므로 수지상과 공정조직의 ${\gamma}$' 석출물은 화학조성 및 격자구조가 상이함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2002년도 제3회 최신 분말제품 응용기술 Workshop
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• pp.25-37
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• 2002

The most important industrial application of gamma radiation in characterizing green compacts is the determination of the density. Examples are given where this method is applied in manufacturing technical components in powder metallurgy. The requirements imposed by modern quality management systems and operation by the workforce in industrial production are described. The accuracy of measurement achieved with this method is demonstrated and a comparison is given with other test methods to measure the density. The advantages and limitations of gamma ray densitometry are outlined. The gamma ray densitometer measures the attenuation of gamma radiation penetrating the test parts (Fig. 1). As the capability of compacts to absorb this type of radiation depends on their density, the attenuation of gamma radiation can serve as a measure of the density. The volume of the part being tested is defined by the size of the aperture screeniing out the radiation. It is a channel with the cross section of the aperture whose length is the height of the test part. The intensity of the radiation identified by the detector is the quantity used to determine the material density. Gamma ray densitometry can equally be performed on green compacts as well as on sintered components. Neither special preparation of test parts nor skilled personnel is required to perform the measurement; neither liquids nor other harmful substances are involved. When parts are exhibiting local density variations, which is normally the case in powder compaction, sectional densities can be determined in different parts of the sample without cutting it into pieces. The test is non-destructive, i.e. the parts can still be used after the measurement and do not have to be scrapped. The measurement is controlled by a special PC based software. All results are available for further processing by in-house quality documentation and supervision of measurements. Tool setting for multi-level components can be much improved by using this test method. When a densitometer is installed on the press shop floor, it can be operated by the tool setter himself. Then he can return to the press and immediately implement the corrections. Transfer of sample parts to the lab for density testing can be eliminated and results for the correction of tool settings are more readily available. This helps to reduce the time required for tool setting and clearly improves the productivity of powder presses. The range of materials where this method can be successfully applied covers almost the entire periodic system of the elements. It reaches from the light elements such as graphite via light metals (AI, Mg, Li, Ti) and their alloys, ceramics ($AI_20_3$, SiC, Si_3N_4, $Zr0_2$, ...), magnetic materials (hard and soft ferrites, AlNiCo, Nd-Fe-B, ...), metals including iron and alloy steels, Cu, Ni and Co based alloys to refractory and heavy metals (W, Mo, ...) as well as hardmetals. The gamma radiation required for the measurement is generated by radioactive sources which are produced by nuclear technology. These nuclear materials are safely encapsulated in stainless steel capsules so that no radioactive material can escape from the protective shielding container. The gamma ray densitometer is subject to the strict regulations for the use of radioactive materials. The radiation shield is so effective that there is no elevation of the natural radiation level outside the instrument. Personal dosimetry by the operating personnel is not required. Even in case of malfunction, loss of power and incorrect operation, the escape of gamma radiation from the instrument is positively prevented.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제30권
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• pp.23-46
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• 2023

동아대학교 석당박물관 소장 지자총통은 조선 중기에 사용하던 전장유통식 중화기무기로 천자총통 다음으로 큰 화기류이다. 지자총통의 표면에는 표면 이물질들로 인해 고유의 색상이 가려져 있는 상태로, 보존처리가 필요한 상황으로 판단되었다. 안정적인 보존처리를 위해 감마선(γ선), X선 비파괴 투과조사, 내시경카메라 관찰을 실시하여 내부 구조와 보존상태를 파악하였고, p-XRF 성분분석, SEM-EDS 성분분석, XRD 분석 등을 활용하여 지자총통의 재질 성분과 표면 오염물 등에 관한 성분분석을 진행하였다. 휴대용현미경 관찰과 정밀 3D스캔으로 지자총통 표면 명문의 상태, 새김형태 등을 확인하였다. 감마선, X선 비파괴 투과조사 결과, 지자총통 내부에 다량의 기포가 관찰되었으며, 육안관찰로 확인되는 표면의 채플릿은 비파괴투과조사 결과로는 확인되지 않았다. p-XRF 성분분석 결과 지자총통은 구리(Cu), 주석(Sn), 납(Pb) 합금으로 만들어진 청동으로 확인되었으며, SEM-EDS를 활용한 표면 이물질 성분분석 결과, 백색이물질은 칼슘(Ca), 황(S), 티타늄(Ti)이 주성분으로 확인되었다. 티타늄은 백색수정액의 주성분인 이산화티타늄(TiO₂)으로 추정되었으며, 적색이물질은 바륨(Ba)이 주성분으로 확인되어 페인트의 체질안료인 황산바륨(BaSO₄)으로 추정되었다. 티타늄과 바륨을 주성분으로 하는 백색과 적색 오염물은 근래에 이르러 표면에 묻은 것으로 추정된다. 황색이물질은 알루미늄(Al), 규소(Si)로 확인되어 토양성분에서 유래한 것으로 추정했다. 백색이물질의 XRD 성분분석결과 황화칼슘(CaS)으로 확인되었고, SEM-EDS와 XRD 성분분석결과로 백색이물질은 석고(CaS)로 확인하였다. 성분분석의 결과를 토대로 표면 이물질 제거, 안정화처리, 강화처리를 진행하였다. 보존처리를 진행하던 중에 휴대용 현미경과 정밀 3D스캔을 통해 알려지지 않았던 명문 우(右), 병(兵), 상(上), 이(二)를 발견하였다. 또한, 명문의 새김방법과 깊이, 너비 등을 측정하였다. 우병상(右兵上)은 창원 합포성 내 위쪽이며, 이(二)는 두 번째 돈대로 파악할 수 있다.