• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1593-1597
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• 2006

We hope to evaluate the effects of Gami-Choakwiyeum (GCKY) on the PPAR-${\gamma}$’ in the OVA induced asthma mouse model. Female BALB/c mice, 8 weeks of age and free of murine specific pathogens were used. Mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of OVA emulsified in aluminum hydroxide in a total volume of 200 ${\mu}{\ell}$ on one day and 14 days. On 21, 22, and 23 days after the initial intraperitoneal injection of OVA, the mice were challenged using an ultrasonic nebulizer. GCKY was administered 7 times by oral gavage at 24 hour intervals fromdays 19 after intraperitoneal injection of OVA. Bronchoalveolar lavage was perfromed 72 hours after the last challenge, and total cell numbers in the BAL fluid were counted. Also, the level of PPAR-${\gamma}$ of normal and OVA-induced asthma moused with/without administration of GCKY were measured by Western blot analysis. For the histologic examination, the specimens were stained with hematoxylin 2 and eosin-Y.(H & E). Numbers of total cells were increased significantly at 72 h after OVA inhalation compared with numbers of total cells in the normal and the administration of GCKY. Especially, the increased numbers of eosinophils in BAL fluids after OVA inhalation were significantly increased. However, the numbers of eosinophils reduced by the administration of GCKY. Western blot analysis revealed that PPAR-${\gamma}$ levels in nuclear level were increased slightly after OVA inhalation compared with the levels in the normal group. After the administration of GCKY, PPAR-${\gamma}$ levels in cytosolic and nuclear levels at 72 h after OVA inhalation were markedly increased. On pathologic examination, there were many acute inflammatory cells around the alveoli, bronchioles, and airway lumen of mice with OVA-induced asthma compared with inflammatory cells in the normal group. However, acute inflammatory cells around alveoli, bronchioles, and airway lumen markedly decreased after administration of GCKY, GCKY can increase a PPAR-${\gamma}$ level and could be an effective treatment in asthma patients through the PPAR-${\gamma}$ mechanism for bronchial asthma.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the modification of expression and functionality of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We used immortalized human brain microvessel endothelial cells (iHBMEC) and primary human brain microvessel endothelial cells (pHBMEC) as in vitro BBB model. To investigate the change of p-gp expression, we carried out real time PCR analysis and Western blotting. To test the change of p-gp activity, we performed rhodamin123 (Rh123) accumulation study in the cells. In results of real time PCR analysis, the P-gp mRNA expression was increased by TNF-${\alpha}$ or IFN-${\gamma}$ treatment for 24 hr in both cell types. However, 48 hr treatment of TNF-${\alpha}$ or IFN-${\gamma}$ did not affect P-gp mRNA expression. In addition, co-treatment of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ markedly increased the P-gp mRNA expression in both cells. TNF-${\alpha}$ or IFN-${\gamma}$ did not influence P-gp protein expression whatever the concentration of cytokines or duration of treatment in both cells. However, P-gp expression was increased after treatments of both cytokines together in iHBMEC cells only compared with untreated control. Furthermore, in both cell lines, TNF-${\alpha}$ or IFN-${\gamma}$ induced significant decrease of P-gp activity for 24 hr treatment. And, both cytokines combination treatment also decreased significantly P-gp activity. These results suggest that P-gp expression and function at the BBB is modulated by TNF-${\alpha}$ or/and IFN-${\gamma}$. Therefore, the distribution of P-gp depending drugs in the central nervous system can be modulated by neurological inflammatory diseases.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.205-218
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• 2009

The bearing capacity factor $N_{\gamma}$ is computed for a rough conical footing placed over horizontal ground surface. The axisymmetric lower bound limit analysis formulation, in combination with finite elements and linear programming, proposed recently by the authors is used in this study. The variation of $N_{\gamma}$ with cone apex angle (${\beta}$), in a range of $30^{\circ}-180^{\circ}$, is obtained for different values of ${\phi}$; where ${\phi}$ is soil friction angle. For ${\phi}<30^{\circ}$, the magnitude of $N_{\gamma}$ is found to decrease continuously with an increase in ${\beta}$ from $30^{\circ}$ to $180^{\circ}$. On the other hand, for ${\phi}>30^{\circ}$, the minimum magnitude of $N_{\gamma}$ is found to occur generally between ${\beta}=120^{\circ}$ and ${\beta}=150^{\circ}$. In all the cases, it is noticed that the magnitude of $N_{\gamma}$ becomes maximum for ${\beta}=30^{\circ}$. For a given diameter of the cone, the area of the plastic zone reduces generally with an increase in ${\beta}$. The obtained values of $N_{\gamma}$ are found to compare quite well with those available in literature.

• 분석과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.815-820
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• 1995

Instrumental neutron and gamma activation analysis of coal and combustion products, determination of platinum content in natural samples by radiochemical gamma activation analysis and high-sensitive track method of thorium determination has been studied with the use of the MT-25 microtron.The optimal conditions for complete elemental analysis of coal and combustion products, isolation and determination of platinum and thorium are recommended.

• 한국관개배수논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.32-46
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• 1998

This study was conducted to derive optimal design floods by generalized gamma distribution model of the annual maximum series at six watersheds along Han and Nag Dong river systems. Design floods obtained by different methods for estimation of parameters

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2002

The Sec61 trimeric complex ($\alpha$,$\beta$, and ${\gamma}$ subunits) is one of the Sec-complex responsible for post-translational protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in diverse organisms. In this study, a cDNA encoding the Sec61p ${\gamma}$ subunit homologue was isolated from the cDNA library of the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis. Sequence analysis of a 442-bp cDNA clone showed it to contain an open reading frame of 68 amino acid residues consisted of 204-bp. The homologues of the gene were found in the GenBank database in a diverse organism including insect, mammals, fungi, and plants. The deduced amino acid sequence of Sec61p ${\gamma}$ subunit homologue of the mole cricket showed the highest homology to the gene of the singly known insect, Drosophila melanogester (93% identity), and the least homology to that of the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (37.2%). Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed a close relationship between the insect Sec61p ${\gamma}$ subunit homologues of G. orientalis and D. melanogester. Hydropathy analysis of the cricket mole and published other data suggested that the hydrophobic segment close to C-terminus is predicted to be the putative membrane anchor, Multiple alignment of the Sec61p ${\gamma}$ subunit homologue among several organisms showed the presence of several conserved domains including the conserved proline at position 28.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.567-572
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• 2011

A sensitivity analysis of the methods used to evaluate the transport properties of a CdZnTe detector was performed using two different radiations (${\alpha}$ particle and gamma-ray) emitted from an $^{241}Am$ source. The mobility-lifetime products of the electron-hole pair in a planar CZT detector ($5{\times}5{\times}2\;mm^3$) were determined by fitting the peak position as a function of biased voltage data to the Hecht equation. To verify the accuracy of these products derived from ${\alpha}$ particles and low-energy gamma-rays, an energy spectrum considering the transport property of the CZT detector was simulated through a combination of the deposited energy and the charge collection efficiency at a specific position. It was found that the shaping time of the amplifier module significantly affects the determination of the (${\mu}{\tau}$) products; the ${\alpha}$ particle method was stabilized with an increase in the shaping time and was less sensitive to this change compared to when the gamma-ray method was used. In the case of the simulated energy spectrum with transport properties evaluated by the ${\alpha}$ particle method, the peak position and tail were slightly different from the measured result, whereas the energy spectrum derived from the low-energy gamma-ray was in good agreement with the experimental results. From these results, it was confirmed that low-energy gamma-rays are more useful when seeking to obtain the transport properties of carriers than ${\alpha}$ particles because the methods that use gamma-rays are less influenced by the surface condition of the CZT detector. Furthermore, the analysis system employed in this study, which was configured by a combination of Monte Carlo simulation and the Hecht model, is expected to be highly applicable to the study of the characteristics of CZT detectors.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2020

Radiation measurement technology has steadily improved and its usage is expanding in various industries such as nuclear medicine, security search, satellite, nondestructive testing, environmental industries and the domain of nuclear power plants (NPPs). Especially, the simultaneous measurements of gamma rays and neutrons can be even more critical for nuclear safety management of spent nuclear fuel and monitoring of the nuclear material. A semiconductor detector comprising cadmium, zinc, and tellurium (CZT) enables to detect gamma-rays due to the significant atomic weight of the elements via immediate neutron and gamma-ray detection. Semiconductor sensors might be used for nuclear safety management by monitoring nuclear materials and spent nuclear fuel with high spatial resolution as well as providing real-time measurements. We aim to introduce a portable nuclide-analysis device that enables the simultaneous measurements of neutrons and gamma rays using a CZT sensor. The detector has a high density and wide energy band gap, and thus exhibits highly sensitive physical characteristics and characteristics are required for performing neutron and gamma-ray detection. Portable nuclide-analysis device is used on NPP-decommissioning sites or the purpose of nuclear nonproliferation, it will rapidly detect the nuclear material and provide radioactive-material information. Eventually, portable nuclide-analysis device can reduce measurement time and economic costs by providing a basis for rational decision making.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2013

This study aimed to measure the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nitrite/nitrate ($NO_x$) in serum of dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii. Twelve female mongrel dogs were divided into 2 groups; group A (uninfected controls) composed by healthy dogs (n=5) and group B consisting of dogs inoculated with R. vitalii (n=7). Animals were monitored by blood smear examinations, which showed intraerythrocytic forms of the parasite on day 5 post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected through the jugular vein on days 0, 10, and 20 PI to determine the serum levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1, IL-6, and $NO_x$. Cytokines were assessed by ELISA quantitative sandwich technique, and $NO_x$ was measured by the modified Griess method. Cytokine levels (IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1, and IL-6) were increased (P<0.01) in serum of infected animals. Serum levels of $NO_x$ were also increased on days 10 PI (P<0.01) and 20 PI (P<0.05) in infected animals. Therefore, the infection with R. vitalii causes an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide content. These alterations may be associated with host immune protection against the parasite.

• 분석과학
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.515-520
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• 1993

Rene 80 주조블레이드가 고온에서 사용중인 사용 온도에 의해 ${\gamma}^{\prime}$이라는 석출물이 기지(${\gamma}^{\prime}$) 내에서 생성되기 때문에 고온강도는 그 석출물에 좌우된다. 즉, 석출물의 격자상수는 기지의 격자상수보다 크기 때문에 석출물이 생성되거나 성장할 때에 ${\gamma}-{\gamma}^{\prime}$ 격자어긋남(lattice misfit)에 의해 전위가 발생한다고 일반적으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 격자어긋남은 석출물(${\gamma}^{\prime}$)의 크기가 클수록 원형${\rightarrow}$사각형${\rightarrow}$판상형으로 바뀌어 가면서 증가한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 격자어긋남의 양을 주사투과전자현미경에서 수렴성 빔전자 회절(CBED)을 사용하여 측정하여, 석출물과 인접한 기지의 전위밀도의 증가가 기지 내에서 석출물이 생성하고 성장함에 따른 격자어긋남이 원인인가를 관찰하였다.