• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.349-367
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• 2022

In this research, an approach combining a semi-analytical method and an analytical method is presented to investigate the static and dynamic post-buckling behavior of the sandwich functionally graded (FG) porous cylindrical shells exposed to external pressure. The sandwich cylindrical shell considered is composed of a viscoelastic core and two FG porous (FGP) face layers. The viscoelastic core is made of Kelvin-Voigt-type material. The material properties of the FG porous face layer are considered continuous through each face thickness according to a porosity coefficient and a volume fraction index. Two types of sandwich FG porous viscoelastic cylindrical shells named Type A and Type B are considered in the research. Type A shell has the porosity evenly distributed across the thickness direction, and Type B has the porosity unevenly distributes across the thickness direction. The FG face layers are considered in two cases: outside metal surface, inside ceramic surface (OMS-ICS), and inside metal surface, outside ceramic surface (IMS-OCS). According to Donnell shell theory, von-Karman equation, and Galerkin's method, a discretized nonlinear governing equation is derived for analyzing the behavior of the shells. The explicit expressions for static and dynamic critical buckling loading are thus developed. To study the dynamic buckling of the shells, the governing equation is examined via a numerical approach implementing the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. With a procedure presented by Budiansky-Roth, the critical load for dynamic post-buckling is obtained. The effects of various parameters, such as material and geometrical parameters, on the post-buckling behaviors are investigated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.10 no.4 s.37
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• pp.691-700
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• 1998

Based on Von Karman-Donnell kinematic assumptions for laminated shells, the nonlinear vibration behaviour of antisymmetrically or asymmetrically laminated cross-ply circular cylindrical shells with clamped and simply-supported ends are studied by a multi-mode approach. A equation is formulated and satisfies the associated compatibility equation and all boundary conditions. The displacement function is assumed to take the form of the lowest linear vibration mode and to satisfy continuity of the circumferential displacement. The nonlinear vibration equation is derived by the Galerkin's method. And nonlinear frequency is obtained by using the harmonic balance method as a function of lamination parameters, material constants, aspect ratio and amplitude of vibration. The effect of initial imperfection is also included. Results of the non-linear vibration are presented for different amplitudes of initial imperfection and four sets of boundary conditions. Present results are compared well with existing analysis results.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.75-83
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• 2011

Emerging issues related with fully coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) behavior of unsaturated soil demand the development of a numerical tool in diverse geo-mechanical and geo-environmental areas. This paper presents general governing equations for coupled THM processes in unsaturated porous media. Coupled partial differential equations are derived from three mass balances equations (solid, water, and air), energy balance equation, and force equilibrium equation. With Galerkin formulation and time integration of these governing equations, finite element code is developed to find nonlinear solution of four main variables (displacement-u, gas pressure-$P_g$), liquid pressure-$P_1$), and temperature-T) using Newton's iterative scheme. Three cases of numerical simulations are conducted and discussed: one-dimensional drainage experiments (u-$P_g-P_1$), thermal consolidation (u-$P_1$-T), and effect of pile on surrounding soil due to surface temperature variation (u-$P_1$-T).

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.249-260
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• 2020

The main purpose of this research work is to investigate the free vibration of conical shell structures reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs) and the elastic properties of the nanocomposite are obtained by employing Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model. To this end, a shell model is developed based on Donnell's theory. To solve the problem, the analytical Galerkin method is employed together with beam mode shapes as weighting functions. Due to importance of boundary conditions upon mechanical behavior of nanostructures, the analysis is carried out for different boundary conditions. The effects of boundary conditions, semi vertex angle, porosity distribution and graphene platelets on the response of conical shell structures are explored. The correctness of the obtained results is checked via comparing with existing data in the literature and good agreement is eventuated. The effectiveness and the accuracy of the present approach have been demonstrated and it is shown that the Donnell's shell theory is efficient, robust and accurate in terms of nanocomposite problems.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-133
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• 2022

An analytical approach for the free vibration behavior of a sandwich cylindrical shell with a functionally graded (FG) core is presented. It is considered that the FG distribution is in the direction of thickness. The material properties are temperature-dependent. The sandwich cylindrical shell with a FG core is considered with two cases. In the first model, i.e., Ceramic-FGM-Metal (CFM), the interior layer of the cylindrical shell is rich metal while the exterior layer is rich ceramic and the FG material is located between two layers and for the second model i.e., Metal-FGM-Ceramic (MFC), the material distribution is in reverse order. This study develops Carrera's Unified Formulation (CUF) to analyze sandwich cylindrical shell with an FG core for the first time. Considering the Principle of Virtual Displacements (PVDs) according to the CUF, the dependent boundary conditions and governing equations are obtained. The coupled governing equations are derived using Galerkin's method. In order to validate the present results, comparisons are made with the available solutions in the previous researches. The effects of different geometrical and material parameters on the free vibration behavior of a sandwich cylindrical shell with an FG core are examined.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.265-276
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• 2020

A study that primarily focuses on nonlocal strain gradient plate model for the sole purpose of vibration examination, for graphene sheets under linearly variable in-plane mechanical loads. To study a better or more precise examination on graphene sheets, a new advance model was conducted which carries two scale parameters that happen to be related to the nonlocal as well as the strain gradient influences. Through the usage of two-variable shear deformation plate approach, that does not require the inclusion of shear correction factors, the graphene sheet is designed. Based on Hamilton's principle, fundamental expressions in regard to a nonlocal strain gradient graphene sheet on elastic half-space is originated. A Galerkin's technique is applied to resolve the fundamental expressions for distinct boundary conditions. Influence of distinct factors which can be in-plane loading, length scale parameter, load factor, elastic foundation, boundary conditions, and nonlocal parameter on vibration properties of the graphene sheets then undergo investigation.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2024

This paper presents nonlinear vibration analysis of a composite cylindrical shell. The core of the shell is made of functionally graded (FG) porous materials and layers is fabricated of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced nanocomposites. To increase the accuracy of results, neutral surface position is considered. First-order shear deformation theory is used as displacement field to derive the basic relations of equation motions. In addition, von-Karman nonlinear strains are employed to account geometric nonlinearity and to enhance the results' precision, the exact position of the neutral surface is considered. To governing the partial equations of motion, the Hamilton's principle is used. To reduce the equation motions into a nonlinear motion equation, the Galerkin's approach is employed. After that the nonlinear motion equation is solved by multiple scales method. Effect of various parameters such as volume fraction and distribution of CNTs along the thickness directions, different patterns and efficiency coefficients of porous materials, geometric characteristics and initial conditions on nonlinear to linear ratio of frequency is investigated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.91 no.5
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• pp.503-516
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• 2024

The present research examines the primary resonance (PR) behaviors of oblique stiffened multilayer functionally graded (OSMFG) shallow shells featuring an FG porous (FGP) core under an external excitation. The research considers two distinct types of FGP cores: one characterized by uniform porosity distribution (UPD) and the other by non-uniform porosity distribution (NPD) along the thickness direction. Furthermore, the study explores two types of shallow shells: one with external oblique stiffeners and one with internal oblique stiffeners, which might have angles that are similar or different from each other. Using the stress function alongside the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), the research establishes a nonlinear model for OSMFG shallow shells. The strain-displacement relationships are obtained utilizing FSDT and von-Kármán's geometric assumptions. The Galerkin approach is utilized to discretize the nonlinear governing equations, allowing for the analysis of stiffeners at varied angles. To validate the obtained results, a comparison is made not only with the findings of previous research but also with the response of PR obtained theoretically with the method of multiple scales, using the P-T method. Renowned for its superior accuracy and reliability, the P-T method is deemed an apt selection within this framework. Additionally, the study investigates how differences in material characteristics and stiffener angles affect the system's PR behaviors. The results of this study can be used as standards by engineers and researchers working in this area, and they can offer important information for the design and evaluation of the shell systems under consideration.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.7 no.1 s.12
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• pp.32-42
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• 2003

In this paper, radiation pattern of rectangular microstrip patch antenna with anisotropy substrates and superstrate is studied by using a rigorous full-wave approach and a moment method calculation. Dyadic Green's function is derived for selected anisotropy material by constitutive relation. From these results, integral equations of electric fields are formulated. The electric field integral equations are discretized into the matrix form by applying Galerkin's moment method and then the current coefficients are obtained.. After solving the current coefficients, the far-zone electric field in spherical coordinates can be obtained by using the stationary phase method. To verify the validity of numerical result, we compare our result with existing one and get a good agreement between them. From the numerical results, the radiation patterns for variation of uniaxial superstrate thickness, anisotropy ratio of substrate and superstrate layer are presented and analyzed.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2020

Geometrically nonlinear buckling of functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic (FG-MEE) nanoshells with the use of classical shell theory and nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT) has been analyzed in present research. Mathematical formulation based on NSGT gives two scale coefficients for simultaneous description of structural stiffness reduction and increment. Functional gradation of material properties is described based on power-law formulation. The nanoshell is under a multi-physical field related to applied voltage, magnetic potential, and mechanical load. Exerting a strong electric voltage, magnetic potential or mechanical load may lead to buckling of nanoshell. Taking into account geometric nonlinearity effects after buckling, the behavior of nanoshell in post-buckling regime can be analyzed. Nonlinear governing equations are reduced to ordinary equations utilizing Galerkin's approach and post-buckling curves are obtained based on an analytical procedure. It will be shown that post-buckling curves are dependent on nonlocal/strain gradient parameters, electric voltage magnitude and sign, magnetic potential magnitude and sign and material gradation exponent.