• ALGAE
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.73-90
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• 2021

Relative to the large number of photosynthetic dinoflagellate species, only a select few possess proteinaceous, carotenoid-rich eyespots which have been demonstrated in other algae to act in phototactic responses. The proteins comprising the different categories of dinoflagellate eyespots are positioned in or near the peridinin-containing photosynthetic plastid membranes which are composed primarily of two galactolipids, mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG). Within eyespot-containing dinoflagellates, this arrangement occurs mostly in those with secondary plastids, although some dinoflagellates with tertiary plastids of diatom origin are known to possess eyespots. We here provide an examination of the MGDG and DGDG composition of eyespot-containing dinoflagellates with secondary, peridinin-containing plastids and tertiary plastids of diatom origin to address the fundamental question of whether eyespots and their component proteins and carotenoids are associated with alterations in galactolipid composition when compared to eyespot-lacking photosynthetic dinoflagellates. This is an important question because the dinoflagellate eyespot-plastid membrane system can be considered a more complicated and evolved state of plastid development. Included in this examination are data on the previously unexamined peridinin- and type A eyespot-containing dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides, and the type D eyespot-containing, aberrant plastid "dinotom" Durinskia baltica. In addition, we have reviewed the galactolipid composition of algae from the Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Euglenophyceae as a comparison to determine if algal classes apart from the Dinophyceae contain altered galactolipids in association with eyespots. We conclude that the presence of an eyespot in dinoflagellates and other algae is not associated with noticeable changes in galactolipid composition.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.54-67
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• 1995

The biosynthesis of galactolipid and galactose and their composition of fatty acid in E. coli and B. subtilis treated ] with copper chloride (10 ppm), nickel chloride (50 ppm), manganese chloride (100 ppm) during the culture were analyzed. The contents of MGDG, DGDG and total lipids in treatment with metal compounds were lower to compared with the control. In E. coli, the major fatty acid unitized for biosyntheis of MGDG were palimitic acid (ave. 36.87%) and linolenic acid (ave. 14.79%) in control. In MGDG, the major fatty acids were utilized for palmitic acid (ave. 20.00%) and myristic acid (ave. 7.32%) in treatment with copper chloride, lauric acid (ave. 11.71%) and linolenic acid (ave. 11.06%) in manganese chloride treatment. And in nickel chloride treatment, it was palmitic acid (ave. 36.16%) and oleic acid (ave. 6.43%) were use in MGDG formation. In DGDG, in copper chloride treatment, it was lauric acid (ave. 19.41%) and oleic acid (ave. 9.95%) in biosynthesis of galactolipid. and in treatment with nickel chloride linolenic acid (ave. 15.39%) and linoleic acid (ave. 13.51%), in manganese chloride treatment palmitic acid (ave. 29.76%) and palmitoleic acid (ave. 11.35%) were used in DGDG formation. In B. subtilis, the major fatty acids utilized for biosynthesis of galactolipid was palmitic acid (ave. 30.86%) and linolenic acid (ave. 8.36%) in control. Otherwise, in MGDG, the major fatty acids were utilized for palmitic acid (ave. 28.92%) and stearic acid (ave. 13.25%) in treatment with copper chloride, and palmitic acid (ave. 15.73%) and lauric acid (ave. 11.88%) in manganese chloride treatment. It was continned that nickel chloride treatment was palmitic acid (ave. 35.16%) and palmitoleic acid (ave. 12.47%). The major fatty acids in DGDG were utilized for palmitic acid(ave. 34.19%) and linoleic acid (ave. 17.45%) in copper chloride treatment, and lauric acid (ave. 11.16%) and myrisitic acid (ave. 8.65%) in manganese chloride treatment. In treatment with nickel chloride, it was palmitoleic acid (ave. 10.30%) and myristic acid (ave. 7.81%) were used galactolipid formation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.12-23
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• 1997

The biosynthesis of galactolipid, galactose and the fatty acid composition in E. cdi and B. subtills treated with potassium dichromate(PD, 500 ppm, 500 ppm), potassium chromate(PC, 500 ppm, 500 ppm), cobalt chloride(CC, 100 ppm, 10 ppm) and methylmercuric chloride(MC, 100 ppm, 10 ppm) during the culture were analyzed to compare with the control. The growth rate of cells, the contents of monogalactosyldiglyceride(MGDG), digalactosyldiglyceride(DGDG) and total lipid in the metal compound treatments were lower as compared with the control. And too, the contents of galactose utilized for the biosynthesis of galactolipids in these strains in the various metal compounds treatments were inhibited. The fatty acids used for the MGDG and DGDG formation in E. coli and B. subtills treated with each metal compounds during the culture were showed to the variant compositional change.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.341-349
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• 1998

To analyze the effects of surfactants on the biosynthesis of galactolipid and the composition of fatty acids, the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane were cultivated in medium treated with anionic surfactants, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (0.002%, LAS), a-olefin sulfonate (O.01%, AOS), and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (0.08%, SLES), respectively. During the cultivation, the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane were isolated from the cells collected at the early and middle phase of the culture and the contents of their fatty acid composition were compared with the control. When treated with surfactants, the contents of total lipid MDGD methylesters, and DGDG methylesters decreased significantly when compared with the control. It was also confirmed that more unsaturated fatty acids were involved in the biosynthesis of galactolipid. The fatty acids utilized in the biosynthesis of MGDG were in the chloroplast envelope and in the control, and linoleic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and oleic acid in AOS, and linolenic acid and oleic acid in SLES. The fatty acids in the biosynthesis of DGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control linolenic acid and stearic acid in LAS, oleic acid and linolenic acid in AOS, oleic acid and linolenic acid in SLES. In the thylakoid membrane, the major fatty acids in the biosynthesis of MGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control, oleic acid and linolenic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and linoleic acid in AOS, linolenic acid and palmitoleic acid in SLES. The fatty acids in the biosynthesis of DGDG were linolenic acid and oleic acid in the control, oleic acid and linolenic acid in LAS, linolenic acid and linoleic acid in AOS, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid in SLES.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1997.10b
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• pp.238.1-238
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• 1997

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1997.10b
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• pp.238.2-238
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• 1997

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.293-296
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• 1993

Effects of dark treatment and N1-dichlorophenyl-N3-dimethylurea (DCMU) on the desaturation of galactolipids of Dunaliella salina were investigated to see whether light-driven photosynthetic electron transport is involved in in vivo desaturation of galactolipids. The incorporation of radioactive fatty acid precursors ([14C]lauric acid) into galactolipids, mainly composed of prokaryotic molecular species, was most affected among different polar lipid classes by both treatments. The analysis of specific radioactivities of individual galactolipid molecular species revealed that their synthesis was greatly inhibited by the treatments except for eukaryotic molecular species, 18 : 3/ 18 : 3 digalactosyldiacylglycerol, whose desaturation occurs in endoplasmic reticulum.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1997.10b
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• pp.237.2-237
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• 1997

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1163-1168
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• 2003

The structures of molecular species of galactolipids, such as monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG), isolated from wheat flour have been investigated using negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry interfaced with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the result of HPLC analysis, MGDG and DGDG were found to consist of mixtures of five and four molecular species, respectively. The galactolipids have been also analyzed to determine their fatty acid compositions, using HPLC/ESI-MS combined with in-source (or cone voltage) fragmentation. HPLC/ ESI-MS is very useful for one-step analysis of mixtures of galactolipids with a small sample quantity. Especially, the carboxylate anions produced in in-source fragmentations of the negative-ion of each component separated by HPLC provide valuable information on the composition of its fatty acyl chains.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.575-581
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• 2001

The galactolipid M-5, which showed anti-inflammatory activity is glycoglycerolipid isolated from the Okinawa marine sponge Phyllospongia foliascens. Glycolipids have been synthesized by various methods, especially it were generally known that synthetic method of M-5 analogue and synthetic method of various glycolipids by glycosidation after synthesis of glycerolipid part. The others, it was not suggested that synthetic method via glycosylglycerol obtained by degradation from diglycoside. This study was carried out to investigate the synthesis of galactosylglycerol from melibiose as M-5 intermediate. Synthesis of galactosylglycerol was accomplished by selective protection of hydroxy group of sugar and diol cleavage by Pb(OAc)$_4$. As a result, galactosylglycerol was synthesized by 8 steps pathway and their structures were elucidated by analysis instrument.