• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2004

The objective of the present study was to determine whether ${\beta}$1-4 galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and Candida kefyr combined with nitrate as manipulators could suppress rumen methanogenesis without nitrate poisoning in sheep. Four rumen fistulated wethers were allocated to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Nitrate (1.3 g $NaNO_3$ $Kg^{-0.75}$body weight) with and without GOS and Candida kefyr were administered into the rumen through fistula as a single dose 30 min after the morning meal. GOS and Candida kefyr were supplemented by sprinkling onto the feed and through rumen fistula, respectively. The four treatments consisted of saline, nitrate, nitrate plus GOS and nitrate plus GOS plus Candida kefyr. Physiological saline was used as the control treatment. Compared to saline treatment, the administration of nitrate alone resulted in a very marked decrease in rumen methanogenesis and an increase in rumen and plasma nitrite production and blood methaemoglobin formation consequently causing a decline in oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and metabolic rate. When compared to nitrate alone, the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS decreased nitrite accumulation in rumen and plasma and nitrate-induced methaemoglobin, while retaining low methane production. However, GOS could not fully restore metabolic parameters reduced by nitrate. When compared to the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS, the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS plus Candida kefyr lowered rumen methanogenesis to a negligible level, but did not decrease rumen and plasma nitrite accumulation as well as blood methaemoglobin formation. Thus, these results suggest that combination of nitrate with GOS may be a potent manipulator to suppress rumen methanogenesis with abating the hazards of nitratenitrite toxicity in ruminants.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1201-1210
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The dietary intake of foods with fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) is known to adversely affect patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the effects of FODMAP have been studied predominantly among Western populations. This study aimed to identify foods high in FODMAP content which form a part of the Korean adult diet and obtain basic data for the preparation of IBS guidelines. SUBJECTS/METHODS: An online survey of 1,000 adults from the general population in the age group of 20 to 40 years was performed. Data from 787 participants (men, 386; women, 401) were analyzed. The general characteristics of the participants, health status, IBS diagnosis using the Rome III diagnostic criteria, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire findings, and food items causing symptoms were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 169 participants (21.5%) had IBS. The contribution of the FODMAP nutrients in both IBS and healthy groups was as follows: fructan > lactose > excess fructose > sorbitol > mannitol > galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). The fructan intake was 4.6 ± 2.2 g/day and 4.3 ± 2.5 g/day in the IBS and healthy groups (P = 0.014), respectively. In the IBS group, the ratio of the intake of fructan to the total FODMAP intake was 39.5%, 29.8%, and 5.8% through onions, garlic, and bananas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fructan was the FODMAP nutrient most consumed by Korean adults. Therefore, given the difference in the dietary habits of each country's population, the dietary guidelines for IBS should be country specific.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.531-536
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• 2002

In this study, we attempted to increase the survivability of bifidobacteria in simulated gastric juices and bile salts after cell entrapment with alginate and various food additives, such as erythritol, isomalt, palatinose, skim milk, xanthan gum, isomalto-oligosaccharide, fructo-oligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharide, pectin, and mono-sodium glutamate. Additionaly, the stability of bifidobacteria during storage was investigated by measuring survival rate at different temperatures, i.e. at 4$^{\circ}C$, 25$^{\circ}C$ and -20$^{\circ}C$. Bifidobacteria were immobilized in alginate beads and the survival rate was monitored. It was found that bifidobacieria entrapped with 2.5％, alginate showed the highest survival rate at 12%. After addition of the various protective agents, erythritol(1％) showed the best protective efficiency with a survival rate of 56.0% among the additives tested when exposed to simulated gastric juices for 3 h. Immobilized cells suspended in 5% skim milk and stored at 4$^{\circ}C$ survived significantly more than cells stored at 25$^{\circ}C$ and -20$^{\circ}C$. Consequently, the study shows that the survival rate of bifidobacteria immobilized in combination with 2.5% alginate beads and 1% erythritol may be signifcantly increased in simulated gastric juices and bile salts.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic formula with partial whey hydrolysate and high magnesium content in infants presenting with functional constipation. Methods: Sixty-five infants with functional constipation were included. Forty infants were treated during one month with parental reassurance and the intervention formula and were compared to a control group of 25 infants treated with parental reassurance only. Parents completed a quality of life (QoL) questionnaire at baseline and during the last week of the study. Results: At inclusion, stool characteristics and QoL were similar in both groups. The control group was slightly older than the intervention group ($7.5{\pm}3.9$ vs. $6.2{\pm}3.6$ weeks). At onset, stool composition was "hard and tight" (Bristol stool scale 1 and 2) in all infants. After one month, stool composition remained unchanged in the control group except in two infants that developed "creamy" stools (Bristol stool scale type 3 and 4). In the intervention group, stools remained "hard and tight" in 27.5%, and became "creamy" in 47.5%, "loose" (Bristol stool scale type 5) in 22.5% and "watery" (Bristol stool type 6 and 7) in 2.5%. The benefit of the intervention formula was estimated to be "very important" in 70%. The median scores for QoL improved significantly in the intervention group for all parameters and for one in the control group. Conclusion: The intervention formula significantly improved functional constipation resulting in a better QoL of the parents and infants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.952-956
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• 1999

Cryoprotection of surimi by three commercial oligosaccharides (isomalto-, fructo- or galacto-, oligosaccharides) was investigated and compared with commercially used cryoprotectants (sucrose, sucrose+sorbitol). Surimis were made with oligosaccharides as cryoprotectants, and gels were prepared after 3 months of storage at $-18^{\circ}C$. After gel preparation, various physical properties (texture, water holding capacity, color, and microstructures) were measured. The gels containing oligosaccharides showed similar water holding capacities and microstructure as the commercially used cryoprotectants. They also showed similar lightness and whiteness as the commercial ones. In TPA(texture profile analysis), gels prepared with fructooligosaccharides showed highest fracturability than gets with sucrose, sucrose+sorbitol, or other oligosaccharides. These results showed a applicability of commercial oligosaccharides as a cryoprotectant in surimi processing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.285-294
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• 2011

The abatement of methane emission from ruminants is an important global issue due to its contribution to greenhouse gas with carbon dioxide. Methane is generated in the rumen by methanogens (archaea) that utilize metabolic hydrogen ($H_2$) to reduce carbon dioxide, and is a significant electron sink in the rumen ecosystem. Therefore, the competition for hydrogen used for methanogenesis with alternative reductions of rumen microbes should be an effective option to reduce rumen methanogenesis. Some methanogens parasitically survive on the surface of ciliate protozoa, so that defaunation or decrease in protozoa number might contribute to abate methanogenesis. The most important issue for mitigation of rumen methanogenesis with manipulators is to secure safety for animals and their products and the environment. In this respect, prophylactic effects of probiotics, prebiotics and miscellaneous compounds to mitigate rumen methanogenesis have been developed instead of antibiotics, ionophores such as monensin, and lasalocid in Japan. Nitrate suppresses rumen methanogenesis by its reducing reaction in the rumen. However, excess intake of nitrate causes intoxication due to nitrite accumulation, which induces methemoglobinemia. The nitrite accumulation is attributed to a relatively higher rate of nitrate reduction to nitrite than nitrite to ammonia via nitroxyl and hydroxylamine. The in vitro and in vivo trials have been conducted to clarify the prophylactic effects of L-cysteine, some strains of lactic acid bacteria and yeast and/or ${\beta}$1-4 galactooligosaccharide on nitrate-nitrite intoxication and methanogenesis. The administration of nitrate with ${\beta}$1-4 galacto-oligosaccharide, Candida kefyr, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis were suggested to possibly control rumen methanogenesis and prevent nitrite formation in the rumen. For prebiotics, nisin which is a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis has been demonstrated to abate rumen methanogenesis in the same manner as monensin. A protein resistant anti-microbe (PRA) has been isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum as a manipulator to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. Recently, hydrogen peroxide was identified as a part of the manipulating effect of PRA on rumen methanogenesis. The suppressing effects of secondary metabolites from plants such as saponin and tannin on rumen methanogenesis have been examined. Especially, yucca schidigera extract, sarsaponin (steroidal glycosides), can suppress rumen methanogenesis thereby improving protein utilization efficiency. The cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), or cashew shell oil, which is a natural resin found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell has been found to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. In an attempt to seek manipulators in the section on methane belching from ruminants, the arrangement of an inventory of mitigation technologies available for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) in the Kyoto mechanism has been advancing to target ruminant livestock in Asian and Pacific regions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1026-1032
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• 2015

This study attempted to find an efficient method for the preparation of high-purity galactooligosaccharides (HP-GOS) using ${\beta}$-galactosidase and yeast fermentation. GOS prepared using Lactozym 3000L showed the greatest enhancement in total GOS of the six ${\beta}$-galatosidases tested. GOS alone achieved 51% conversion of initial lactose. GOS production was enhanced by fermentation with commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae); its concentration reached 71% after 36h fermentation with 8% yeast. Component sugar analysis with HPLC indicated that HP-GOS fermented with S. cerevisiae showed significantly increased levels of 4'/6'-galactosyllactose and total GOS as well as a significantly decreased glucose level. HP-GOS facilitated the growth of Lactobacillus sp. (L. acidophilus and L. casei) and Bifidobacterium sp. (B. longum and B. bifidum). In sum, high-purity GOS has been successfully produced through both an enzymatic process and yeast fermentation. GOS encourages the growth of bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium that may be beneficial to human gastrointestinal health.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.595-603
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• 2020

To elucidate the structure-function relationship of polysaccharides obtained from Colocasia esculenta, the immuno-stimulating polysaccharide, CE-4a was purified to homogeneity from the crude polysaccharide (CE) extracted from the corms of C. esculenta by two subsequent column chromatographies using DEAE-Sepharose FF and Sephadex G-100, and analysis of their immuno-stimulatory activities and structure were conducted. CE-4a showed an increase in anti-complementary activity in a dose-dependent fashion. The molecular mass was estimated to be 182.4 kDa, which mainly consisted of galactose (43.5%) and mannose (18.2%). Methylation analysis indicated that CE-4a comprised at least 10 different glycosyl linkages, such as terminal Galp, 3-linked Galp, and 4-linked Manp, as well as a characteristic linkage, 2,4,6-branched Manp residue. To analyze the fine structure of CE-4a, it was sequentially digested using endo-α-(1→4)-polygalacturonase, exo-α-galactosidase and endo-β-1,4-D-mannanase. These analyses suggested that CE-4a is to be a highly branched galactomannan with a (1→4)-mannan backbone and galactopyranosyl oligosaccharide side chains.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1892-1903
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• 2022

Objective: A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Methods: Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBM_B), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBM_L). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBM_B+L). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBM_B+L, FSBM_B, and FSBM_L). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: Compared to SBM, FSBM_B+L contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBM_B+L increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBM_B group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBM_B+L increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.204-212
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• 2009

A strain producing ${\alpha}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase was isolated from Kimchi. The isolated strain was identified as Weissella cibaria by 16S rDNA analysis and designated as Weissella cibaria K-M1-4. The enzyme activity of ${\alpha}$-galactosidase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase reached the maximum in the soy medium at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr. The enzymes were purified by ethanol fractionation, DEAE sepharose fast flow, and sephacryl S-100HR column chromatography. ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase specific activity was shown by 576 Units/mg protein and the yield was 3.5% of the total activity of crude extracts. ${\beta}$-glucosidase specific activity was shown by 480 Units/mg protein and the yield was 2.9% of the total activity of crude extracts. The optimum temperature for ${\alpha}$-galactosidase was $60^{\circ}C$ and 43% of its original activity remained when it was treated at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. For ${\alpha}$-galactosidase shows the optimum pH of 8.0 and is fairly stable between pH5.0 and pH9.0. The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$. The value of Km and Vmax for the enzyme were 0.98 mM and $1.81{\mu}$mole/min, respectively. The ${\beta}$-glucosidase has the optimum temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ and 46% of its original activity remained when it was treated at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30min. Its optimum pH of 7.0 and is fairly stable between pH5.0 and pH9.0. The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of $Fe^{2+},\;Co^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$. The value of Km and Vmax for the enzyme were 1.24 mM and $6.81{\mu}$mole/min, respectively.