• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1178-1184
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• 2008

The effect of some peptides on hepatoprotection and cecal fermentation against D-galactosamine (GalN)-treated rats was studied. In acute hepatic injury tests, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotranferase (AST), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were remarkably increased after injection of GalN. However, potato and soybean peptides significantly decreased GalN-induced alterations of serum ALT and AST activities. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in GalN-treated groups fed potato and soybean peptides was significantly lower than that in GalN-treated control group. Hepatic glutathione level in the GalN-treated group fed potato peptide was significantly higher than that in GalN-treated control group. Furthermore, cecal Lactobacillus level in GalN-treated groups fed potato and soybean peptides was significantly higher than that in GalN-treated control group, and cecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in GalN-treated group fed potato peptide were significantly higher than in GalN-treated control group. These results indicate that potato peptide may improve the cecal fermentation and prevent the GalN-induced liver damage in rats.

• 약학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.403-409
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• 2010

Gardenia jasminoides is a popular traditional herb used to treat inflammatory diseases including liver disorders. This study was performed to examine protective effect of G. jasminoides on galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute hepatitis. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with GalN (700 mg/kg). G. jasminoides (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally 48, 24, and 2 h before and 6 h after GalN injection. Serum ALT and AST activities were significantly increased after GalN injection, and these increases were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Histological studies showed that G. jasminoides inhibited hepatocellular necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration. GalN decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol and this decrease was attenuated by G. jasminoides. Hepatic glutathione content was decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased after GalN treatment and these changes were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Furthermore, the level of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was attenuated by G. jasminoides. The level of interleukin-10 mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was augmented by G. jasminoides. Our results suggest that G. jasminoides ameliorates GalN-induced acute hepatitis and this protection is likely due to antioxidative activity and regulation of inflammatory mediators.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1944-1949
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• 2020

Mutant sugar transporter ScGAL2-N376F was overexpressed in Kluyveromyces marxianus for efficient utilization of xylose, which is one of the main components of cellulosic biomass. K. marxianus ScGal2_N376F, the ScGAL2-N376F-overexpressing strain, exhibited 47.04 g/l of xylose consumption and 26.55 g/l of xylitol production, as compared to the parental strain (24.68 g/l and 7.03 g/l, respectively) when xylose was used as the sole carbon source. When a mixture of glucose and xylose was used as the carbon source, xylose consumption and xylitol production rates were improved by 195% and 360%, respectively, by K. marxianus ScGal2_N376F. Moreover, the glucose consumption rate was improved by 27% as compared to that in the parental strain. Overexpression of both wild-type ScGAL2 and mutant ScGAL2-N376F showed 48% and 52% enhanced sugar consumption and ethanol production rates, respectively, when a mixture of glucose and galactose was used as the carbon source, which is the main component of marine biomass. As shown in this study, ScGAL2-N376F overexpression can be applied for the efficient production of biofuels or biochemicals from cellulosic or marine biomass.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 실험동물에 민들레 열수추출물 식이를 급여한 후, GalN으로 간손상을 유발함으로써 그 예방효과를 혈액중의 생화학적 변화 및 간조직의 효소적인 변동을 통해서 규명하고자 하였다. GalN의 투여로 현저히 증가하였던 AST, ALT의 활성은 민들레 열수추출물 투여로 억제되었으나 군간의 차이는 보이지 않았고 ALP의 활성과 TBARS 함량은 3%의 추출물을 급여한 군에서 유의적인 감소를 보였다. GalN의 투여로 현격하게 높아졌던 혈중 $TNF-{\alpha}$의 농도 또한 감소하는 경향을 확인하였으나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. GalN의 투여로 억제되었던 catalase, GSH-reductase, Mn-SOD의 활성은 민들레 추출물 투여로 유의적인 회복이 관찰되었으나 GSH-px의 활성은 그 경향만을 확인할 수 있었다. 조직 검경을 통해 민들레 열수추출물의 간염 예방효과를 확인한 결과 GalN으로 인해 유발된 광범위한 간세포의 괴사와 변성, 지방변성 등이 민들레 열수추출물식이로 다소 감소하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 민들레 열수추출물은 AST, ALT와 ALP의 활성 및 산화적 스트레스를 감소시키고 활성산소 해독계에 관여하는 효소의 활성을 증가시킴으로써 GalN으로 인한 간 손상을 예방하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.659-670
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• 2017

산화스트레스와 염증은 간 손상의 진행과정에 중요한 인자로 작용한다. 굴가수분해물의 항산화 및 항염증 활성은 지질대사, 혈압 및 혈당, 면역기능의 조절과 같은 다양한 기능에 관여한다. 그러나 급성 간 손상 모델에서 굴가수분해물의 효과를 확인한 연구 결과는 아직 확인된 바 없다. 본 연구는 LPS/D-GalN에 의해 유도된 급성 간 손상 생쥐 모델에서 굴가수분해물의 효과를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험군은 대조군(생리식염수), LPS/D-GalN 간 손상군, LPS/D-GalN과 굴가수분해물(100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg)의 병합투여군 및 LPS/D-GalN과 silymarin(25 mg/kg) 병합투여군으로 나누었다. 급성 간 손상 모델은 $1{\mu}g/kg$의 LPS와 400 mg/kg의 D-GalN으로 유도되었다. 먼저 시료의 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 분석한 결과 굴가수분해물은 농도 의존적으로 높은 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성을 보였으며, 인간 정상 간세포주(Chang)에서 과산화수소에 의한 세포 내 활성산소의 생성을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 또한, 굴가수분해물은 농도 의존적으로 높은 COX-2 및 5-LOX 억제능을 보였으며, LPS에 의해 활성화된 생쥐 대식세포주 RAW264.7에서 발현되는 $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 및 $IL-1{\beta}$의 염증성 사이토카인의 mRNA 발현률을 감소시켰다. 굴가수분해물 투여는 LPS/D-GalN에 의한 혈청 ALT 및 AST 증가를 유의적으로 감소시켰으며, 간 조직의 출혈 및 간세포의 자멸사를 감소시켰다. 또한, 간 균질의 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6 함량을 감소시켰으며, 감소한 catalase의 활성을 유의적으로 증가시켰다. 이상의 결과로부터 굴가수분해물은 간 보호 효과를 가지는 것으로 판단되며, 급성 간 손상의 예방 및 치료에 도움이 될 수 있는 시료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2015

Carbohydrate antigens expressed on pig cells are considered to be major barriers in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Even after ${\alpha}1,3$-galactosyltransferase gene knock-out (GalT-KO) pigs are generated, potential non-Gal antigens are still existed. However, to the best of our knowledge there is no extensive study analyzing N-glycans expressed on the GalT-KO pig tissues or cells. Here, we identified and quantified totally 47 N-glycans from wild-type (WT) and GalT-KO pig fibroblasts using mass spectrometry. First, our results confirmed the absence of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (${\alpha}$-Gal) residue in the GalT-KO pig cells. Interestingly, we showed that the level of overall fucosylated N-glycans from GalT-KO pig fibroblasts is much higher than from WT pig fibroblasts. Moreover, the relative quantity of the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) antigen is slightly higher in the GalT-KO pigs. Thus, this study will contribute to a better understanding of cellular glycan alterations on GalT-KO pigs for successful xenotransplantation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.790-795
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• 2012

본 연구는 울금의 산업적 실용화를 극대화시키기 위해 Aspergillus oryzae를 이용하여 산업용 규격에서 생산된 발효울금의 일반성분 및 미량성분 분석과 발효울금을 이용하여 동물모델에서 14일간 예비 투여하고 GalN으로 급성 간독성을 유발한 후 혈액 중 간기능 지표물질의 변화 및 간조직의 조직학적 관찰을 통해 GalN로 유발된 급성 간독성에 발효울금의 간기능 보호효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 발효울금의 일반성분은 수분 0.15%, 조지방 4.68%, 조단백 4.35%, 조섬유 6.92%, 조회분은 6.83%로 분석되었다. 발효울금의 미량성분은 P, Mg, Ca 순으로 분석되었다. 간기능 지표효소인 AST와 ALT의 활성은 발효울금 300 mg/kg/day과 silymarin 150 mg/kg/day를 투여한 군에서 GalN만을 투여한 군과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 나타내어 발효울금 300 mg/kg/day의 예비 투여는 GalN에 대한 급성 간독성에 대해 보호효과를 갖으며, 양성 대조군인 silymarin 150 mg/kg/day 투여와 비교하여 유사한 간독성 보호 활성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. ALP의 경우 발효울금을 100 mg/kg/day로 투여한 군에서만 GalN만을 투여한 군과 통계적으로 유의한 감소를 나타났고 300 mg/kg/day 발효울금을 투여한 군과 silymarin 투여군은 통계적 유의차가 나타나지 않았다. 중성지방의 경우 발효울금 300 mg/kg/day 투여군만 GalN만을 투여한 군과 비교하여 통계적 유의차가 나타났으나 silymarin 투여군에서는 동일한 효과가 나타나지 않았다. GalN으로 유도된 급성 간독성의 조직병리학적 결과 GalN만을 투여한 군에서 세포괴사 및 침윤된 염증세포, 카운실만소체의 괴사가 심하게 나타났으며 300 mg/kg/day 발효울금 투여군과 150 mg/kg/day silymarin 투여군에서 간조직의 괴사 및 염증의 개선효과를 관찰할 수 있었다. 혈청 분석 및 조직병리학적 결과를 종합한 결과 GalN 유발 간독성에 대한 개선효과는 300 mg/kg/day 발효울금 투여군과 150 mg/kg/day silymarin 투여군에서 나타나는 것으로 판단할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과로부터 본 연구에서 사용한 Aspergillus oryzae로 발효하여 산업적 규격에서 생산된 발효울금은 간기능 저하 개선 기능을 갖는 새로운 기능성 소재로서 간질환과 관련된 다양한 기능성식품 개발에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.376-383
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• 2015

Background: Panax ginseng has a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory functions. Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) were obtained from P. ginseng cambium. This study examined the protective mechanism of wild ginseng CMCs against $\small{D}$-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury. GalN, a well-known hepatotoxicant, causes severe hepatocellular inflammatory damage and clinical features similar to those of human viral hepatitis in experimental animals. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats using GalN (700 mg/kg, i.p.). Wild ginseng CMCs was administered orally once a day for 2 wks, and then 2 h prior to and 6 h after GalN injection. Results: Wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increase in serum aminotransferase activity that occurs 24 h after GalN injection. Wild ginseng CMCs also attenuated the GalN-induced increase in serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6 level, and hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression. Wild ginseng CMCs augmented the increase in serum interleukin -10 and hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein and mRNA expression that was induced by GalN, inhibited the increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor-kappa B, and enhanced the increase in NF-E2-related factor 2. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that wild ginseng CMCs protects liver against GalN-induced inflammation by suppressing proinflammatory mediators and enhancing production of anti-inflammatory mediators.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1999

Hepatoprotective effects of Malloti cortex extract (MCE) from Mallotus japonicus against the carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_{4}$) and galactosamine (GalN) were investigated. Whereas serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were markedly elevated after CCl$_{4}$ and GalN administration, pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE before and after the injection of CCl$_{4}$ and GalN resulted in decreases in elevated serum aminotransferase activities. Whereas CCl$_{4}$ and GalN treatment caused 3~7 fold increases in sorbitol dehydrogenase and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase activities, pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE resulted in the blocking of CCl$_{4}$ and GalN-induced liver toxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of MCE was in part due to MCE-induced elevation of hepatic glutathione levels. Pretreatment and posttreatment with MCE also reduced increased lipid peroxidation induced by CCl$_{4}$ and GalN. These results suggest that MCE may be useful for the prevention and therapy of hepatotoxic pathogenesis. It is presumed that protective and therapeutic effects of MCE due to be inducible glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities, involving in glutathione-medicated detoxication and maintainment of glutathione content, respectively.

• 약학회지
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2012

The protective effect of AI-1367 (Alnus japonica extract) on liver injury was investigated. Primary rat hepatocyte intoxication was induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH), carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$), or D-glactosamine (D-GalN). Liver injury was induced by $CCl_4$, D-GalN or MCD (methionine choline deficient)-diet in mouse. The cellular leakage of lactate dehyrogenase and cell viability followed by the treatment of hepatotoxicants were significantly improved by AI-1367 treatment at a concentration range of 5~50 ${\mu}g/ml$ for tBH, 5~50 ${\mu}g/ml$ for D-GalN, and 5~100 ${\mu}g/ml$ for $CCl_4$, respectively. Treatment with AI-1367 (20, 10, 5 mg/kg, p.o.) on liver injury induced by subcutaneous injection of $CCl_4$ or D-GalN reduced significantly the levels of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase in serum. Histological observations revealed that fatty acid changes, hepatocyte necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in $CCl_4$ (D-GalN)-induced liver injury was improved by administration of AI-1367. AI-1367 treatment (10, 5, 2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly recovered the body weight change and serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and triglyceride in liver injury induced by MCD diet. From these results, AI-1367 shows protective effects against tBH, $CCl_4$, D-GalN, or MCD diet-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro or in vivo.