• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.238-250
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• 2017

Patient's primary tumor-derived tumor cell lines likely represent ideal tools for human tumor biology in vitro and in vivo. Here, we describe eight human gastric carcinoma cell lines derived from established tumors in vivo upon subcutaneous transplantation of primary gastric carcinoma specimens in BALB/c nude mice. These xenografted gastric tumor cell lines (GTX) displayed close similarity with primary gastric tumor tissues in their in vivo growth pattern and genomic alterations. GTX-085 cells were resistant to cisplatin, while GTX-087 was the most sensitive cell line. GTX-085 was the only cell line showing a metastatic potential. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) expression was especially strong in all tissue samples, as well as in cell cultures. GTX-139, the largest tumor graft obtained after injection, displayed distinct expression of CD44v6, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), and prominin 1 (PROM1, also known as CD133). In summary, we established eight xenograft gastric cancer cell lines from gastric cancer patient tissues, with their histological and molecular features consistent with those of the primary tumors. The established GTX cell lines will enable future studies of their responses to various treatments for gastric cancer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2008

This study was performed to establish analysis methods, and evaluated for grayanotoxin in domestic/foreign honey and wild honey. The molecular weight of grayanotoxins I, II and III, excluding grayanotoxin III that has been commercialized, were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Then, the molecular structure of grayanotoxins I and II were analyzed by NMR. A total 111 samples (25 Korean honey, 21 Korean wild honey, 13 Korean honeycomb honey, 44 foreign honey, 8 foreign wild honey) were examined to determined whether or not each sample contained grayanotoxins I, II, and III. The honey samples were mixed with methanol and loaded into a tC18 cartridge, the filtrate was diluted with water, and the mixture was then analyzed by ESI triple-quadrupole LC-MS/MS. Grayanotoxins were only found in the foreign wild honey and were not detected in Korean honey, Korean honeycomb honey, or Korean wild honey. Three of the samples contained grayanotoxin I, II, and III, and one sample contained only grayanotoxins I and III. The lowest level for grayanotoxin I was 3.13 ${\pm}$ 0.00 mg/kg, and the highest level was 12.93 ${\pm}$ 0.01 mg/kg. The levels of grayanotoxin II were 0.84 ${\pm}$ 0.01 mg/kg, 0.92 ${\pm}$ 0.00 mg/kg and 1.08 ${\pm}$ 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The lowest level of grayanotoxin III was 0.25 ${\pm}$ 0.01 mg/kg and the highest level was 3.29 ${\pm}$ 0.74 mg/kg. Through this study, safety management for foreign wild honey has been enabled.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 2012

In order to develop a deep-underground great train express (GTX) in South Korea, the specifications decision and development of a traction control system (including an inverter and a traction motor), which considers a variety of route conditions, must be advanced. In this study, we examined the running resistance properties of a high-speed traction system based on a variety of tunnel types and vehicle organization methods. Then, we studied the power requirements necessary for the traction motor to maintain balanced speed in the high-speed traction system. From this, we determined the design criteria for the development of a high-speed traction system for use in the deep-underground GTX. Finally, we designed a linear induction motor (LIM) for a propulsion system, and we used the finite element method (FEM) to analyze its performance as it travelled through deep-underground tunnels.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.550-553
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• 2000

Optimum temperature for paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) detoxofication of Enterobacter sp. CW-6 isolated from sea water and changes of contents and ingredients composition of PSP during bacterial detoxification process were investigated. Enterobacter sp. CW-6 detoxicated $61.5{\~}67.7{\%}\;and\;87.4{\~}96.8{\%}$ of initial PSP toxicity ($25.0{\~}28.5\;nmole/g$) after $5{\~}12$ days at 30 and $35^{\circ}C$, identified as optimal growth temperature, respectively. The detoxification rate of Enterobacter sp. CW-6 for crude PSP with initial concentration of 38.2 nmole/g after 8 and 12 days at $30^{\circ}C$ in the Marine broth was 88.4 and $92.7{\%}$, respectively. During bacterial detoxification process using crude toxin solution, temporary increasement of STX group was detected and identified that was derived from GTX2, 3 group. The detoxification rate of Enterobaoter sp. CW-6 on purified GTX1 and 4 with initial concentration 47 nmole/g and 37 nmole/g were more than $90{\%}$ after 12 days in the marine broth at $30^{\circ}C$. Enterobacter sp. CW-6 also showed a detoxification activity on purified GTX2 and 3, and the detoxification rate for the initial concentration 25.6 nmole/g after 12 days was $66.4{\%}$.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.7-17
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• 2024

Vibrations were measured at the surface of a GTX-A site to assess the impact of blasting on underground tunneling. A numerical analysis was conducted using the same ground and blast conditions as those at the site, accompanied by a comparative analysis of other GTX-A sites. This analysis determined the maximum vibration velocity at regular intervals directly above the blasting point at each site. The results were compared with domestic and international vibration standards to establish the vibration measurement range. The specified vibration measurement locations in domestic regulations—"measuring from the closest part of the structure's foundation to the blasting source, and if conditions make it impossible, measuring from the nearest surface to it"—were evaluated. Furthermore, this study underscores the significance of considering the tunnel drilling depth and soil conditions when selecting a vibration measurement location.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.24-34
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• 2021

Electronic detonators are widely used in various construction sites due to accurate delay time. Including the cases with exceeded noise and vibration from site using electric/non-electric detonator, electronic detonators are used to improve blast fragmentation or to reduce the cost of secondary partial blasting. Furthermore, the number of cases using electronic detonators are increased for reduction of the cost and construction period by maximizing operations efficiency. This case study is about applying electronic detonators on large section station, tunnel construction site which is the part of urban area GTX A project. Although it was initially planned to utilize non-electric detonators, damage was inflicted on safety-thing. We have considered blasting method using electronic detonators as solution of this problem. By applying electronic detonators, we not only satisfied environmental regulations but also prevented nearby safety-thing from getting damaged. In addition, we were able to shorten the construction period than the initial plan by conducting single simultaneous blasting on large section station, in order to ensure safe and efficient construction.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2013

The mouse bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) post-column oxidation method are different methods of quantifying paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In this study, we compared their ability to accurately quantify the toxicity levels in two types of field sample (oysters and mussels) with different toxin profiles for routine regulatory monitoring. A total of 72 samples were analyzed by both methods, 44 of which gave negative results, with readings under the limit of detection of the mouse bioassay ($40{\mu}g/100g$ saxitoxin [STX] eq). In 14 oysters, the major toxin components were gonyautoxin (GTX) 1, -2, -3, -4, -5, decarbamoylgonyautoxin-2 (dcGTX2), and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), while 14 mussels tested positive for dcSTX, GTX2, -3, -4, -5, dcGTX2, neosaxitoxin (NEO), STX, and dcSTX. When the results obtained by both methods were compared in two matrices, a better correlation ($r^2=0.9478$) was obtained for mussels than for oysters ($r^2=0.8244$). Additional studies are therefore needed in oysters to investigate the differences in the results obtained by both methods. Importantly, some samples with toxin levels around the legal limit gave inconsistent results using HPLC-based techniques, which could have a strong economic impact due to enforced harvest area closure. It should therefore be determined if all paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins can be quantified accurately by HPLC, and if the uncertainties of the method lead to doubts regarding regulatory limits.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 2013

To understand critical aspects of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in a chief area of bivalve production in Korea, seasonal variation in PSP toxins in bivalves collected from Jinhae Bay, Korea in 2009 was surveyed by the pre-column high-performance liquid chromatography oxidation method. We also confirmed the profiles of major bivalves such as oysters Crassostrea gigas and mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in Jinhae Bay. PSP toxins in the bivalves showed remarkable seasonal variation. PSP toxin levels were detected from April to May in 2009, and the highest total toxin levels at all stations were recorded in May. The major toxins in bivalves were gonyautoxin [GTX] 1&4 and C 1&2; in oysters GTX 2&3 were also detected as major components. GTX 1&4, which showed the highest PSP toxin levels at each station, accounted for the highest proportions of toxin components in mussels and oysters (64.5-71.3% and 41.4-42.4%, respectively). It was also confirmed that the highest toxicity (in ${\mu}g$ saxitoxin [STX] eq/g) was derived from GTX 1&4. The highest total toxicity (in ${\mu}g$ STX eq/g) was approximately 2-8-fold higher in mussels than in oysters collected from the same station. PSP toxin levels in bivalves differed significantly according to the sample collection station. However, the profiles of toxins in the bivalves did not show significant differences during the survey period according to sample collection station. This study shows that PSP toxin levels in some samples from Jinhae Bay were above the regulatory limit in Korea during a specific period in spring.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2006

Cultured cells of the toxic Alexandrium tamarense were fed to four mussel species, Mytilus coruscus, M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and Septifer vulgatus, to examine the interspecies and interlocality differences in the ability to accumulate paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. Toxin content of A. tamarense cells varied during culture period. In contrast, toxin composition in the cell (C1,2, GTX1-4 and neoSTX) was constantly stable. In feeding experiment, the four mussel species collected from Geoje intoxicated after uptake of A. tamarense. Toxin content ($average{\pm}SD\;{\mu}g$ STXeq/100 g) of M. coruscus, M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and Septifer vulgatus were $1,660{\pm}79,\;3,914{\pm}2,242,\;5,626{\pm}1,620\;and\;958{\pm}163$, respectively. Toxin profiles included C1,2, GTX1,4 and neoSTX as the major components, and dcGTX2,3, GTX2,3, neoSTX and STX as the minor ones. Toxin accumulation of three mussel species collected from Pohang, Geoje and Anmyon-do showed interspecies and interlocality differences. Toxin content ($average{\pm}SD\;{\mu}g$ STXeq/100 g) were $91{\pm}4,\;151{\pm}14,\;39{\pm}3$ in M coruscus, $189{\pm}1,\;231{\pm}11,\;206{\pm}15$ in M edu/is and $214{\pm}28,\;326{\pm}30,\;291{\pm}26$ in M. galloprovincialis in order of Anmyon-do, Geoje and Pohang.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.119-128
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• 2019

Due to the nature of the 3D graphics processor system, many mathematical calculations are required and parallel processing research using GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is being performed for high-speed processing. In this paper, we propose a 3D graphics processor using MAMS, a parallel processor that does not use cache memory, to solve the GPU problem of increasing bandwidth caused by cache memory miss and the problem that 3D shader processing speed is not constant. The 3D graphics processor using MAMS proposed in this paper designed Vertex shader, Pixel shader, Tiling and Rasterizing structure using DirectX command analysis, the FPGA(Xilinx Virtex6@100MHz) board for MAMS was constructed and designed using Verilog. We compared the processing time of the developed FPGA (100Mhz) and nVidia GeForce GTX 660 (980Mhz), the processing time using GTX 660 was not constant and suing MAMS was constant.