• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.935-938
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• 2005

Nucleophilic addition reactions of benzylamines (BA; $XC_6H_4CH_2NH_2$) to $\alpha-cyano-\beta$-phenylacrylamides (CPA; $YC_6H_4CH=C(CN)CONH_2$) have been investigated in acetonitrile at 25.0 ${^{\circ}C}$. The rate is first order with respect to BA and CPA and no base catalysis is observed. The addition of BA to CPA occurs in a single step in which the addition of BA to $C_{\beta}$ of CPA and proton transfer from BA to $C_{\alpha}$ of CPA take place concurrently with a four-membered cyclic transition state structure. The magnitude of the Hammett ($\rho_X$) and Bronsted ($\beta_X$) coefficients are rather small suggesting an early tansition state (TS). The sign and magnitude of the crossinteraction constant, $\rho_XY$ (= −D0.26), is comparable to those found in the normal bond formation processes in the $S_N2$ and addition reactions. The normal kinetic isotope effect ($k_H/k_D\;{\gt}$ 1.0) and relatively low ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$ and large negative ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ values are also consistent with the mechanism proposed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2000

We isolated genomic clone of FVFD16 and FVFD30 gene specifically expressed during fruit body formation of Flammulina velutipes [(Curt: Fr.) Sing] and determinated the sequences. The FVFD16 gene is including two introns in open reading frame, and FVFD30 gene is including four introns. The introns were matched GT/AG rule. The FVFD16 and FVFD30 genes contained CAAT box with similarity arrange and TATA box. CT-rich region was presented before the transcription start point. FVFD30 gene is investigated that expected the most activity of CCACC arrange. The result of FVFD16 gene analysis showed 80% homology by cDNA clone that is gene family. From the results of genomic southern blot analysis, we presumed more than two copy number gene family of FVFD16 and FVFD30 gene.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.23-39
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of herbal medicine and other associated factors for abnormal liver function tests(especially total bilirubin, AST, ALT, and ${\gamma}GT$) levels in outpatients at an oriental medical clinic. Methods : A cross-sectional study based on clinical records was conducted on 1,871 patients at one Oriental medical clinic in Seoul, Korea. 504 patients received a liver function tests for screening and 497 patients ranging from the age of 4 to 74 were chosen for the study. Patients with basal liver disease or DM were excluded during the screening process. Patients were classified into case(abnormal) and control(normal) groups by normal liver function test references. Results and Conclusions : In this study, 33.0% of the patients were females, and 67.0% were males. The mean age was $34.7{\pm}11.9$ years old. The mean total protein value was $6.78{\pm}0.66g/dL$(male $6.79{\pm}0.61$, female $6.76{\pm}0.76$), albumin $3.89{\pm}0.50g/dL$(male $3.94{\pm}0.47$, female $3.81{\pm}0.54$), total bilirubin $0.51{\pm}0.35mg/dL$(male $0.54{\pm}0.39$, female $0.45{\pm}0.23$), AST $23.31{\pm}18.22U/L$(male $26.37{\pm}20.73$, female $17.09{\pm}8.72$), ALT $33.49{\pm}36.36U/L$(male $40.56{\pm}41.77$, female $19.13{\pm}12.64$), LDH $258.07{\pm}74.84mg/dL$(male $263.68{\pm}73.77$, female $246.70{\pm}75.92$), and ${\gamma}GT$ $39.64{\pm}59.16U/L$(male $50.15{\pm}69.43$, female $17.83{\pm}8.36$). The percentage of abnormal total bilirubin levels(>1.0) in these patients was 2.6%, abnormal AST levels(>39m, >29f) 8.5%, ALT levels(>47m, >32f) 18.8%, and ${\gamma}GT$ (>50m, >40f) 19.9%.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.260-264
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• 1996

An isolate, 90-GT-129 was found to produce antibiotics with a selective inhibitory activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Xanthomonas sp. The isolate formed a gray spiral aerial spore mass with smooth surface. Analysis of the cell wall acid hydrolysate of the isolate revealed presence of LL-di-aminopimelic acid, which indicates that the isolate belongs to a cell wall type Ⅰ actinomycetes. Cultural and physiological characteristics of the isolate placed it in Streptomyces rochei synonym cluster. A comparison of the isolate with 26 reference strains of Streptomyces rochei synonym demonstrated differences in physiological and cultural characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2005

This paper proposes the heuristic algorithm for the generalized GT problems to consider the restrictions which are given the number of machine cell and maximum number of machines in machine cell as well as minimum number of machines in machine cell. This approach is split into two phase. In the first phase, we use the similarity coefficient which proposes and calculates the similarity values about each pair of all machines and sort these values descending order. If we have a machine pair which has the largest similarity coefficient and adheres strictly to the constraint about birds of a different feather (BODF) in a machine cell, then we assign the machine to the machine cell. In the second phase, we assign parts into machine cell with the smallest number of exceptional elements. The results give a machine-part grouping. The proposed algorithm is compared to the Modified p-median model for machine-part grouping.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2014

The buffer capacity of food waste lowers during the collecting and transportation period. Food waste usually shows deficiency of micro nutrients especially molybdenum(Mo) and cobalt(Co). Therefore, food waste can be considered as a good mixture of livestock waste to enhance methane production. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between properties of substrates (local food waste and livestock manure) and methane yields for successive anaerobic fermentation process and its stable management. Food wastes were taken at an intermediate storage or treatment system provided by eight local authorities (Gangnam, Gangdong, Gwanak, Guro, Dongjak, Songpa, Yeongdeungpo, and Younsan) in Seoul. The solid content and potential methane yield of food wastes were average of 16% and $446.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$ (range from 334.8 to $567.5STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$) respectively. As for the beef cattle manure, the solid content and potential methane yield had an average of 26% and $280.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$ respectively. Potential methane yield had a positive correlation with fat content, and hydrogen content and a negative correlation with carbohydrate content ($r^2>0.8$). Therefore, the potential methane yield can be predicted based on the substrate characterization results with reasonable accuracy. Further research may be needed to investigate the relation of the properties of the mixture substrate and methane production rate. The mixtures may include food waste, livestock waste, and bulking agents (saw dust, rice hull, or agricultural byproducts etc.) to determine best combination of these substrates for maximum methane production rate.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sealer placement in simulated root canal extensions. Forty resin blocks were attained from the Endo-training Bloc. In each block. The simulated root canal was made with $\#20$, 80taper GT file. After each block was longitudinally split into two halves, a standardized groove was prepared on one canal wall of two halves to simulate the canal extensions with various irregularities. The two halves of each block were assembled and all simulated root canals were obturated by single cone method with AH26 sealer. Four different methods of sealer placement were used: group A, $\#20$ K-file; group B, ultrasonic file; group C, lentulo spiral; group D, EZ-Fill bi-directional spiral. All obturated blocks were stored in $100\%$ humidity at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 week, Using a low speed saw, each block was sectioned horizontally. Images of the sections were taken using a stereomicroscope at $\times$ 30 magnification and a digital camera. The amount of the sealer in the groove was evaluated using a scoring system, a higher score indicated better sealing effectiveness. The data was statistically analysed by Fisher's Exact Test. The sealing score was the lowest, specially at the middle area of canal extensions in group A, and that was statistically significant difference from other groups. In conclusion, the ultrasonic file, lentulo spiral and EZ-Fill bi-directional spiral were effective methods of sealer placement in simulated canal extensions. The K file was the least effective method, specially at the middle area of canal extensions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1139-1147
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• 2014

We investigated whether or not Schisandra chinensis (SC), a traditional herbal medicine, has protective effects against alcohol-induced fatty liver and blood alcohol clearance. Two tests focused on acute intoxication and chronic ethanol treatment were carried out. For the chronic ethanol treatment test, rats were fed ethanol by intragastric administration everyday for 8 weeks to induce alcoholic fatty liver. Ethanol treatment significantly increased blood alcohol concentration at 90 min after acute ethanol intoxication. Compared with the two ethanol-treated groups, rats administered ethanol along with SC extracts showed an approximately 13% increased blood alcohol clearance rate at 360 min. Chronic ethanol treatment significantly increased serum and hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels, and caused fatty degeneration of liver. Ethanol treatment also elevated the serum total-cholesterol (TC) level. However, after feeding of ethanol plus SC extracts, ethanol-induced elevation of hepatic TG levels reversed, whereas elevation of serum TG and TC levels was not observed after treatment with SC extracts. Ethanol treatment significantly increased ${\gamma}$-GT, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities after 8 weeks. Compared with the ethanol-fed group, rats administered ethanol plus SC extracts for 4 weeks showed attenuated fatty degeneration as well as decreased hepatic function test values. SC administration also significantly increased intracellular lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and reduced steatosis score and hepatic TG levels, as measured by biochemical and histolopathological analyses. Our results indicate that the protective effects of SC are accompanied by a significant decrease in hepatic TG levels, thereby suggesting SC has the ability to prevent ethanol-induced fatty liver, by reducing hepatic TG and enzyme levels in alcoholic rats.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.120-129
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• 2016

An industrial complex in Wonju, contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE), was one of the most problematic sites in Korea. Despite repeated remedial trials for decades, chlorinated ethenes remained as sources of down-gradient groundwater contamination. Recent efforts were being made to remove the contaminants of the area, but knowledge of the indigenous microbial communities and their dechlorination abilities were unknown. Thus, the objectives of the present study were (i) to evaluate the dechlorination abilities of indigenous microbes at the contaminated site, (ii) to characterize which microbes and reductive dehalogenase genes were responsible for the dechlorination reactions, and (iii) to develop a PCE-to-ethene dechlorinating microbial consortium. An enrichment culture that dechlorinates PCE to ethene was obtained from Wonju stream, nearby a trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated industrial complex. The community profiling revealed that known organohalide-respiring microbes, such as Geobacter, Desulfuromonas, and Dehalococcoides grew during the incubation with chlorinated ethenes. Although Chloroflexi populations (i.e., Longilinea and Bellilinea) were the most enriched in the sediment microcosms, those were not found in the transfer cultures. Based upon the results from pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and qPCR using TaqMan chemistry, close relatives of Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains FL2 and GT seemed to be dominant and responsible for the complete detoxification of chlorinated ethenes in the transfer cultures. This study also demonstrated that the contaminated site harbors indigenous microbes that can convert PCE to ethene, and the developed consortium can be an important resource for future bioremediation efforts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.469-472
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• 2002

This study was conducted to show how to manage the water quality of Kyung-an river. The water quality and hydrologic data were obtained at the main river and branch streams in Marc $h{\sim}April$ 1998. First of all, we surveyed the contribution of branches for the pollution of water quality at Kyung-an river. It was in order of Kongiam(25.5%)>Yong-in Pollutant Treatment Complex (15.26%)^gt;Shin-won(13.99%)>Buen(11.86%)>Yangji(8.68%)>Yooun(7.43%)>Kwang-ju Pollution Treatment Complex(5.50%)>Osan(5.04%). The hydrological model using mass balance and BOD reduction formula suggested that if the quality of water Yoo-un and Shinn-won stream (branch streams of Kyung-an River) which is lowest in the basin is controlled adequately and outlet water from Yong-in pollutant treatment complex is adequately treated, the quality of Kyung-an river will be improved by 90% compared to current level.