• 약학회지
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2016

A growing number of studies have demonstrated that ABCB1 gene polymorphisms are associated with the variability of responses to imatinib. However, the effects of ABCB1 polymorphisms on imatinib response in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to clarify the associations between ABCB1 polymorphisms and imatinib response in CML. A systematic literature review was performed. The databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for all published studies from inception to December 2015. The following terms were used with functions of 'AND' and 'OR': 'chronic myeloid leukemia', 'CML', 'ABCB1', 'MDR1', 'polymorphism', 'SNP', and 'imatinib'. Using the Review Manager 5, odds ratios (ORs) were pooled to estimate the effect of ABCB1 polymorphisms on imatinib response in CML. The pooled analysis showed that ABCB1 2677 G allele was significantly associated with poor response to imatinib in African and Asian patients (GG vs TT, OR: 0.32, p<0.0001; GG+GT vs TT, OR: 0.44, p=0.0005). In subgroup analyses, African patients carrying ABCB1 1236 C allele exhibited higher risk for worse response, whereas Asian patients with 1236 C allele showed better response (CC+CT vs TT, OR: 0.41, p=0.008 for African; OR: 1.65, p=0.03 for Asian). There was no association between C3435T polymorphisms and imatinib response in African, Asian, and Caucasian CML patients.

• 플랜트 저널
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2013

국내 A 복합발전소에서 운전 중인 150 MW급 가스터빈 저압 1단 회전익의 교체주기 연장가능성을 다각적으로 모색하였다. 제작사가 추천한 24,000 등가운전시간 이상을 사용한 저압 1단 회전익의 외관검사, 열차폐코팅 제거 후 모재의 표면검사 및 균열검사를 각각 실시하였다. 또한 제작사별 150 MW급 가스터빈의 교체주기를 비교 분석하였다. 제작사가 추천한 24,000 등가운전시간 이상이 경과하여 27,000 등가운전시간을 운전한 저압의 외관을 검사한 결과 냉각홀 부위에 다수의 균열이 관찰되었다. 그러나 열차폐코팅을 제거한 상태에서 실시한 모재의 표면검사에서는 균열이 거의 관찰되지 않았으며, 모재까지 진행된 일부 미세 균열에 대해서는 절단면 검사를 통하여 균열깊이가 기능에 영향을 미치지 않는 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구대상 가스터빈 저압 1단 회전익의 교체정비주기는 현행 24,000 등가운전시간에서 3,000 등가운전시간의 연장이 가능할 것으로 보인다. 또한 연구대상 저압 1단 회전익에 대하여 제작사가 추천한 교체주기는 타제작사 1단 회전익 교체주기의 2/3 수준으로 짧게 설정되어 있어 교체주기 연장이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2003

To investigate the effects of low dosed microcystin -LR (MCLR) on the initial stage of subacute hepatotoxicity in vivo, male Sprague-Dawley rats after weanling were divided in four groups. The orally treated group (OG) was administered orally by 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg B.W. at an interval of three days. The free group (FG) has taken the drinking water including 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L freely and the control group (CC) was only treated with 0.9％ saline solution All groups were treated for a period of 3 weeks. There was a significant correlation in body growth rate between OG and FC and especially, a deterioration of the growth of spleen was observed in the FG after 5 days. The protein levels were also decreased in OG and FG after 9 days. Level of total fat was increased to the 9th day but again decreased up to the initial level. High hemolysis of the isolated erythrocytes occurred only in OG. Activities of ${\gamma}$-G7 of 0G and FG were higher twice-fold than CG, but the values of OG were already higher at the first treatment day. No significant change in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was shown in all groups, but the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was slightly increased at the beginning state. There were much similarities in the results of OG and FG. except the growth inhibition of spleen in FG. It may be concluded that long -term effects of the low doses of mycrocystins in animals including human being can lead to serious health problems, especially to liver and spleen.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.633-638
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• 1999

The purpose of our study is to evaluate the ability of nickel-titanium(NiTi) files in maintaining the original curvature of a curved root canal during canal preparation. Curved canals on translucent resin blocks were prepared with Profiles and stainless steel files and they were placed at the platform which can reproduce the same position. The unprepared and prepared canal forms were accurately compared by double exposure technique of photography. The results were as follows : 1 NiTi files made a canal comparatively taper, but stainless steel files didn't make a canal taper, wicest at midportion and comparatively wide at a apical portion. 2. Canals preparations with no. 25 Profile.06 up to the working length were most excellent in taperness and in maintaining the original curvature. Canals prepared with no 30 Profile.06 up to the working length made a little outer transportation at a apical portion, but not severe. 3. Canal preparations with Profile GT were excellent in taperness and in maintaining the original curvature, but made more enlargement toward the inner side at the starting portion of the curvature. 4. Canal preparations with stainless steel files were not tapered and provided the largest transportation.

• 한국건강관리협회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.121-136
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• 2005

Background/Aims The liver funtion tests(LFTs), such as aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine amino-transferase(ALT), r -glutamyl transferase( r -GT), have been widely used for screening tests but their low positive predictive value can cause many false positive results. To evaluate the clinical usefulness of these tests, we analyzed serial LFT results of single factory workers and compared the risk factor's in groups divided by the serial LFT results. Methods From June 2001 to October 2001, 1223 consecutive healthy workers in a single factory were enrolled and questionnaire, LFT and liver ultrasonography were performed. Previous LFT results were collected from Annual Health Examination Survey. According to the abnormalities in serial LFT, participants were classified into three groups (abnormal-in-both, alternating normal-in-both) and the risk factors were compared among these groups using multiple logistic regression Results The prevalence of LFT abnormality in a single test was 16.8% but, in serial LFT, only 5% of participants showed consistent abnormality. The risk factors for abnormal-in-both group, compared with alternating group, were liver ultrasonography abnormality such as fatty liver(odds ratio, 2.2; p=0.026) and heavy alcohol intake (more than 210g/week) (odds ratio, 7.2;P=0.064). HBsAg was not significant risk factor for any of the three groups. ConclusionIn factory workers with serial LFT abnormality, alcoholic liver disease could be the principal cause of abnormal LFT. Even if HBsAg were positive in patients with abnormal LFT, there is a possibility of another causes for LFT abnormalities such as alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatosis or steatohepatitis

• 천문학회보
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.63.1-63.1
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• 2013

To improve the forecast capability of geomagnetic storms, we consider the real time solar and near Earth conditions together, since the characteristics of CMEs can be modified during their transit from the Sun to the Earth, and the geomagnetic storms may be directly affected by not only solar events but also near Earth interplanetary conditions. Using 55 CME-Dst pairs associated with M- and X-class solar flares, which have clearly identifiable source regions during 1997 to 2003, we confirm that the peak values of negative magnetic field Bz and duskward electric field Ey prior to Dst minimum are strongly related with Dst index. We suggest the solar wind criteria (Bz<-5 nT or Ey>3 mV/m for t>2 hr) for moderate storm less than -50 nT by modifying the criteria for intense storms less than -100 nT proposed by Gonzalez and Tsurutani (GT, 1987). As the results, 90% (28/31) of the storms are correctly forecasted by our criteria. For 15 exceptional events that are incorrectly forecasted by only CME parameters, 12 cases (80%) can be properly forecasted by solar wind criteria. When we applying CME and solar wind conditions together, all geomagnetic storms (Dst<-50 nT) are correctly forecasted. Our results show that, the storm forecast capability of the 2~3 days advanced warning based on CME parameters can be improved by combining with the urgent warning based on the near Earth solar wind condition.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze physical activity as measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and an actigraph in breast cancer survivors, as well as to identify their intention to participate in a physical activity program. Methods: Breast cancer patients who had been diagnosed for more than six months (N=135) at a university hospital participated from June 2012 to May 2013. Physical activity was measured using the Korean version of the IPAQ-Short Form and Actigraph GT3X plus an accelerator for seven consecutive days. Data analyses were conducted using the SPSS WIN 19.0 program. Results: Mean total physical activity was 2298.21 metabolic equivalent task (MET)-min/week as assessed by IPAQ and 150,140.57 counts/day as measured by an actigraph. There were statistically significant correlations between moderate physical activity from IPAQ and light intensity of physical activity from the actigraph (r=.735, p<.001), vigorous physical activity from IPAQ and vigorous intensity of physical activity from the actigraph (r=.871, p<.001), total physical activity from IPAQ and light intensity of physical activity from the actigraph (r=.825, p<.001), respectively. Most (80.7%) cancer survivors reported a positive attitude toward physical activity and 57.8% expressed a willingness to participate in a physical activity program. More than half (60%) of the subjects preferred walking, 80.6% preferred more than 30 minutes of exercise, and 57.1% wanted to engage in physical activity three times a week and preferred home-based activities. Perceived barriers included fatigue, lack of strength and pain. Conclusion: It is necessary to consider intensity, personal preferences, and patient-perceived barriers when developing physical activity programs for breast cancer survivors.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제5집
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• pp.223-251
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• 2002

Modalpartikeln, die auch $Abt\"{o}nungspartikeln,\;W\"{u}rzw\"{o}rter,\;F\"{a}rbew\"{o}rter$ usw. genannt werden, galten eine Zeitlang als $\"{U}berfl\"{u}ssiges$. Aber mit der 'kommunikativ­pragrnatischen Wende' hat die Partikelforschung einen enormen Aufschwung genommen. Auch im Femdsprachenunterricht waren Partikeln als etwas Unwichtiges oder in anderen Worten etwas schwer zu Behandelndes geblieben und wurden deshalb zur Seite geschoben. Mit Hilfe der Aufschwung der Partikelforschung in Deutschland untersuchte ich koreanische $\"{U}bersetzungsm\"{o}glichkeiten$ von Modalparikeln. Ich $\"{u}bernahm$ Diewaldische Methode. Sie $schl\"{a}gt$ ein Beschreibungsschema vor: Modalpartikeln haben verweisende und $verkn\"{u}fende$ Funktion. Sie weisen $n\"{a}hmlich$ auf den pragmatischen $Pr\"{a}text\;zur\"{u}ck$ und bringen ihn in relevanter Situation mit der Modalpartikel enthaltenden $\"{A}u{\ss}erung$ in Beziehung. Da braucht man also drei Ebenen: pragmatischer $Pr\"{a}text$, relevante Situation und partikelhaltige $Au{\ss}erung$. Die Schwierigkeit der $\"{U}bersetzungsm\"{o}glichkeiten$ von Modalkartikeln besteht darin, jeweiligen $Pr\"{a}text$ und jeweilige relevante Situation wiederherzustellen und auszudrticken. In diesem Aufsatz geht es nur um 'doch'. 'doch' ist eine der $h\"{a}ufigsten$ Modalpartikeln und tritt in vielen verschidenen Satzarten. 'doch' tritt in Aussage-, Imperativ-, Ausrufe­und Wunschsatzen auf. $Au{\ss}erdem$ tritt 'doch' in $Erg\"{a}nzungsfragen$ und Entscheidungsfragen mit Intonation auf und ist aber nur bei 'echten' Fragen ausgeschlossen. Aus der diachronischen Bedeutungsentwicklung und dem Bedeutungsvergleich zu ihren Homonymen stellten sich die semantischen Merkmale von 'doch' als $Adversativit\"{a}t\;und\;Konzessivit\"{a}t$. Aber diese semantischen Komponenten werden bei dem Modalpartikel $abgeschw\"{a}cht$ und pragmatische Faktoren werden in verschiedenen $Verwendungsm\"{o}glichkeiten$ verstarkt. Unter $Ber\"{u}cksichtigung\;jeweiligen\;Pr\"{a}textes$ und relevanter Situation schlug ich koreanische $\"{U}bersetzungsm\"{o}glichkeiten$ von 'doch' je nach der Satzart und nach der $Verwendungsm\"{o}glichkeit$ vor.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제8집
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• pp.89-121
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• 2003

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist zweierlei: Einerseits soll in Anlehnung an Gereon $M\"{u}ller(M\"{u}ller{\;}2000a,{\;}u.a)$ demonstriert werden, dass sich die $Optimalit\"{a}tstheorie$ (OT im folgenden) als eine neue Alternative $f\"{u}r$ syntaktische Beschreibungen des Deutschen auffassen $la\'{u}{\ss}t$; andererseits wird unter dem Gesichtspunk der Kognitionswissenschaft die $Plausibilit\"{a}t$ der OT als eine Theorie der menschlichen Kognition kritisch $\"{u}berpr\"{u}ft$. Diskussionen bzgl. der ersteren Zielsetzung deuten darauf hin, dass syntaktische Eigenschaften des Deutschen im Grunde durch $Kalkulationsvorg\"{a}nge$ $erfa{\ss}bar$ sind, bei denen unter mehreren miteinander konkurrierenden Kandidaten einer als optimal charakterisiert wird. Dabei spielen geordnete und im Prinzip verletzbare $Beschr\"{a}nkungen$ eine zentrale Rolle. Die $Beschr\"{a}nkungsordnung$ bestimmt, welcher Kandidat optimal sein sallte: ein Kandidat, der relativ niedriger eingestufte (oder ggf. gar keine) $Beschr\"{a}nkungen$ verletzt, $schl\"{a}gt$ alle anderen, die relativ $h\"{o}her$ eingestufte (oder ggf. eine einzige) verletzen. Der Gewinner wird dann als optimal und somit als wohlgeformt bezeichnet. Was die zweite Fragestellung anbetrifft, liegt es nahe, dass zentrale Annahrnen der OT im wesentlichen mit denen des Konnektionismus zu vereinbaren sind. Dies besonders in dem Sinne, dass beiden Ansatzen der Empirismus, das Konzept des Wettbewerbs und der $Flexibilit\"{a}t$(Verletzbarkeit, Interaktionen usw.) zugrundeliegen. Ist man also der Ansicht, dass eine neurologisch fundierte Sprachtheorie einer anderen vorzuziehen ist, die neurologische Grundlagen der Sprach nicht mit­$ber\"{u}cksichtigt$, so sollte man u. E. jeden OT -basierten Ansatz emsthaft in Betracht ziehen: Konnektionismus stellt sich $n\"{a}mlich$ die Aufgabe, eine Theorie der Informationsverarbeitung zu erzielen, die gerade die Art und Weise der Informations­verarbeitung des menschlichen Gehims simmuliert.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제5집
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• pp.167-182
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• 2002

Sprachverstehen ist ein interaktiver kognitiver Prozess. Der Verlauf des Sprachverstehens ist durch die kontinuierliche Interaktion von Bottom-up- und Top­down-Prozessen gekennzeichnet. Die eingehende Information wird durch die interaktive Nutzung verschiedener sprachlicher und aussersprachlicher Wissenssysteme verarbeitet. Herangewgen wird z. B. syntaktisches Wissen, lexikalisches und semantisches Wissen, Weltwissen und pragmatisches Wissen. Das hier vorgestellte Modell stellt den Begriff des lexikalischen Kopfes als $f\"{u}r$ die Verarbeitung von $S\"{a}tzen$ zentrales Konzept heraus. $Ambiguit\"{a}ten$ werden unter $Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ der in ihnen $repr\"{a}sentierten\;Information\;aufzul\"{o}sen$ versucht Im Unterschied zu Prinzipien wie 'minimal attachment' rekurriert 'head attachment' nicht auf eine dem Satz zugrundeliegende Struktur, sondem allein auf lexikalische Information von $K\"{o}pfen$ und deren Reihenfolge an der $Oberfl\"{a}che$ eines Satzes. Head attachment ist daher $unabh\"{a}ngig$ von Annahmen $\"{u}ber$ syntaktische Strukturen. $W\"{a}hrend$ der 'tiefere Sinn' von Prinzipien wie 'minimal attachment' darin liegen soll, eine $m\"{o}glichst$ geringe Arbeitsspeicherbelastung durch Aufbau $m\"{o}glichst$ wenig komplexer Strukturen zu $gew\"{a}hrleisten$, erreicht 'head attachment' eine Entlastung durch die $Erm\"{o}glichung\;einer\;fr\"{u}hen$ semantischen Integration, da es Anbindungen in Abh\"{a}ngigkeit$ von dem Vorhandensein von $K\"{o}pfen\;vorschl\"{a}gt$. Es ist dieser Aspekt $\"{o}konomischer$ Verarbeitung, durch Verarbeitungs­heuristiken zu einer $m\"{o}glichst\;fr\"{u}hzeitigen$ Interpretation zu gelangen, der im hier vorgestellten Modell im Vordergrund steht, und zwar im Sinne einer semantikorientierten Syntaxverarbeitung.