• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.325-334
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• 2018

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan zoonotic protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans. The heavy incidence and severe or lethal damage caused by T. gondii infection clearly indicate a need for the development of an effective vaccine. T. gondii GRA8 is a member of the dense granules protein family and is used as a marker of acute infection. In the present study, we evaluated the protective immunity induced by DNA vaccination based on a recombinant eukaryotic plasmid, pDsRed2-GRA8, against acute toxoplasmosis in mice. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with the pDsRed2-GRA8 plasmid and then challenged by infection with the highly virulent GFP-RH strain of T. gondii. The specific immune responses and protective efficacy against T. gondii of this vaccine were analyzed by measuring cytokine and serum antibody titers, splenocyte proliferation assays, and the survival times of mice after challenge. Our results showed that mice immunized with pDsRed2-GRA8 demonstrated specific humoral and cellular responses, induced higher IgG antibody titers with predominant IgG2a production; increased levels of IL-10, IL-12 (p70), $IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and splenocyte proliferation; and prolonged survival times compared to those of control mice. The present study showed that DNA immunization with pDsRed2-GRA8 induced humoral and cellular immune responses, and all immunized mice showed greater Th1-type immune responses and longer survival times than those of control mice. These results indicated that T. gondii GRA8 DNA immunization induces a partial protective effect against acute toxoplasmosis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2002

The renoprotective activities of white ginseng radix and rootlet were compared in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) with diabetes. During oral administration of white ginseng radix (Ginseng Radix Alba, GRA) and white ginseng rootlet (Ginseng Radix Palva, GRP) for four weeks, arterial blood pressure and blood glucose levels were determined at every 10 days. In both GRA- and GRP-treatment groups, arterial blood pressures started to go down after 10 days of administration and maintained throughout the study period. After four weeks administrations of GRA and GRP, diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased with 17% and 9%, respectively. GRA treatment also decreased blood glucose levels after 10 days of administration when compared with diabetic SHR group. At the end of the experiment, serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were not significantly different between the groups, except 62% higher value of BUN in diabetic SHR group when compared with SHR group. In the diabetic SHR group, the excretion of urinary albumin was increased significantly when compared with SHR. The level of urinary albumin in GRA treated group was markedly reduced when compared with diabetic SHR group $(67.8{\pm}4.7\;vs.\;131.3{\pm}13.5\;mg/24\;h).$ To examine the effects of ginseng radices on an overt diabetic nephropathy, index of kidney hypertrophy and transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1\;(TGF-{\beta}1)$ protein levels were evaluated. The glomerular and tubular cells stained positive for $TGF-{\beta}1$ seemed to be more abundant in diabetic SHR than in those with SHR, and GRA treated rats showed somewhat less $TGF-{\beta}1$ protein in glomerular and tubular cells when compared with diabetic SHR. Our results suggest that GRA might be a useful antihypertensive and antidiabetic agent with renoprotective effect.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.411-415
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• 2002

We compared the hypoglycemic effects of Ginseng Radix Alba (GRA) and Mori Folium (MF) in multiple low dose (MLD) streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In order to induce hyperglycemic state 25 mg/kg of STZ was injected intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days. SD rats were randomly divided into diabetic control and treatment groups. Treatment groups were administered with either 500 mg/kg of GRA (G500), 500 mg/kg of MF (M500), or 250 mg/kg of GRA mixed with same dose of MF (GM250) for 3 weeks. Blood glucose level and body weight were measured every 5th day. G500 and M500 both significantly reduced blood glucose levels as compared to the diabetic control group (diabetic control, 458.3$\pm$25.4 mg/dl; G500, 275.0$\pm$12.0; M500, 278.0$\pm$15.4; GM250, 324.0$\pm$18.4). While body weight in diabetic control group was decreased slightly after 3 weeks, treatment groups showed gradual increases of body weight during 3 week-period. Plasma insulin level was increased by treatment with GRA, but those levels in M500 and GM250 groups were similar to the diabetic control (normal control, 32.0$\pm$13.9 $\mu$IU/mι; diabetic control, 12.4$\pm$1.9; G500, 17.5$\pm$3.4; M500, 11.1$\pm$3.2; GM250, 10.5$\pm$t3.7). Urine glucose levels were also remarkably reduced in all treatment groups (normal control, 0.0$\pm$0.0 g/day; diabetic control, 11.4$\pm$2.5; G500, 4.9$\pm$0.2; M500, 5.7$\pm$1.6 ; GM250, 8.2$\pm$0.2). At the second and third week of the treatment, food and water intakes were determined. At the third week, food and water intakes were significantly decreased in all treatment groups. Taken together, we may conclude that GRA and MF alone may prevent or delay the development of hyperglycemia, however, synergistic hypoglycemic activity was not be seen in group treated with mixed formula of GRA and MF when compared to GRA or MF alone.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.3071-3076
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• 2014

Proteomic analyses of the excretory/secretory proteins from the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii have been performed to understand their functions in the host-parasite interaction. A total of 34 proteins were identified from LC/MS/MS analysis and their abundance was estimated by spectral counting methods. Among them, 8 species of micronemal proteins (MICs), 2 species of rhoptry proteins (ROPs), and 6 species of dense granular proteins (GRAs) were confirmed. Besides these, 18 species of protein were newly identified, and their cellular functions were estimated from sequence analysis. The three most abundant of the 34 identified extractor/secretory proteins-GRA1, GRA7 and GRA2-were confirmed to be highly expressed in T. gondii using the spectral count method. This phenomenon is another demonstration of the importance of GRA proteins for the penetration and survival of T. gondii.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.805-818
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• 1994

This study investigated the effect of enteral nutrition supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) patients(n=29). Nutrition formula(400kcal/day) were supplied daily for eight weeks as a substitute for a snack or a meal. Subjects were divided into three groups based on changes of fasting blood glucose(FBG), glucose response area(GRA) on oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), before and after intake of nutrition formula : group 1(the group of a decrease in FBG and GRA, n=20), group 2(the group of a decrease in FBG and an increase in GRA, n=4), and group 3(the group of an increase in FBF and GRA, n=5). Before nutrition supplementation, group 3 showed a longer tendency of DM duration and a lower tendency of insulin and C-peptide response are than those of group 1 and 2. At 8 weeks after nutrition supplementation, group 1 showed a significant increase in insulin and C-peptide response areas but group 2 and 3 showed no change in those areas. After nutrition supplementation, all three groups showed a tendency of decrease in glycated hemoglobin and no significant changes in the levels of serum triglycerides, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, albumin, transferrin, creatinine, GOT and GPT. The results suggest that using an enteral nutrition formula in NIDDM patients is a good substitute for a meal or snack and could improve blood glucose control without any changes in lipid levels, and liver and kidney functions. The beneficial effect of nutrition supplementation on glycemic control resulted from components of nutrition formula had such as additional fiber and high monounsaturated fatty acid as the source of fat to be helpful 세 glycemic control in diabetics.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.2178-2184
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• 2015

무선 네트워크기술의 발전으로 사용자들은 다양한 네트워크를 쉽게 사용하며 다양한 서비스를 이용할 수 있지만, 서비스 제공자들은 서비스의 질을 개선하고 네트워크 자원을 효율적으로 관리하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 그레이 관계 분석(GRA)과 게임이론을 결합하여 효율 무선자원관리(RRM) 방안을 제시한다. 첫 번째 단계에서, GRA 방법을 이용하여 네트워크 선호도를 나타내는 GRC를 구하고, 두 번째 단계에서는 내쉬 균형점을 찾아 네트워크 제공자에게 최대 보상을 제공하는 서비스를 선택한다. 한 개의 WiMAX와 2개의 WLAN이 공존하는 이종 무선 환경에서, 4개의 응용서비스중 하나를 요청하는 서비스들을 처리하기 위해 게임은 반복적으로 수행하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, WiMAX, WLAN 1과 WLAN 2의 게임에서, 각 경기자들은 각각 93, 90.6과 92.8로 최대 보수를 얻는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 제안된 시스템은 이종 네트워크에서 사용자 서비스 요청이 있을 때, 네트워크 운용자의 보수를 최대로 할 수 있는 효과적인 자원관리 방법임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.130-144
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• 2013

본 시험은 도심지역의 고온이 사과나무의 생리적 반응에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자, 도심지역인 대구와 전원지역인 군위에 재식된 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 광합성, 신초생장, 과실품질을 2년(2009-2010년) 동안 조사하였다. 사과 생육기(4-10월) 동안 대구의 평균기온은 군위보다 $3.0^{\circ}C$ 정도 높았고, 사과 생육기 동안의 총 강수량은 대구가 군위보다 100mm 정도 많았다. 과실 비대기(6-8월) 동안 대구는 일 평균기온이 $30^{\circ}C$를 넘은 날이 2010년은 10일 정도 있었으나 2009년에는 하루도 없었다. 대구의 과실 성숙기(9-10월) 동안 평균기온은 $19.8^{\circ}C$로 군위보다 $4.0^{\circ}C$ 정도 더 높았다. 과실 비대기의 $30^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온은 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 광합성속도, 신초생장, 과중 및 가용성 고형물 함량을 감소시켰다. 과실 성숙기의 $20^{\circ}C$ 정도의 온난한 기온은 광합성속도 및 가용성 고형물 함량을 증가시켰으나 착색을 감소시켰다. 지역별 비교에 있어서, 장마 전에는 대구의 광합성속도가 군위보다 낮았으나, 장마 이후로는 대구가 군위보다 높았다. 대구의 과중은 군위보다 컸으나, 대구의 일 최고기온이 $35^{\circ}C$를 넘은 날이 많아질수록 대구와 군위의 과중 차이는 없어졌다. 대구의 가용성 고형물 함량은 군위보다 높았으나 착색은 반대로 군위가 높았다. 결론적으로 지구온난화 및 도시화에 의해 '후지'/M.9 사과나무에서 가장 문제가 되는 부분은 착색불량이었다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2020

최근 항만하역근로자의 인명사고가 지속적으로 발생함에 따라 사고관리에 대한 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 이 연구는 GRA법과 Entropy법을 이용하여 우리나라 항만에 대해 하역근로자의 재해 위험성을 평가하고 위험성이 높은 항만을 결정하기 위한 것이다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 먼저 우리나라 항만을 11개의 대상항만으로 구분하고, 브레인스토밍법으로 항만하역근로자 재해 위험성 평가를 위한 평가항목을 추출한다. 두번째는 GRA법을 이용하여 대상항만의 회색관계계수를 산정한다. 마지막으로 엔트로피법을 이용하여 산출한 평가항목의 중요도와 GRA법의 회색관계계수를 결합하여 회색관계등급을 산정하여 재해 위험성의 우선순위를 결정한다. 따라서 제안된 모델에서는 항만하역근로자수, 50세 이상 항운노조원수, 총근로시간, 하역장비수, 철재화물량, 총화물량, 사상자수, 사망자수 등 8개의 평가 항목을 추출되었다. 그 결과 부산항의 재해 위험성이 가장 높게 나타났으며 이에 따라 우선적으로 재해위험성을 경감하는 방안이 검토되어야 할 것이다.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.67-80
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• 2016

The objective of the present work is to optimize process parameters namely, cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut in milling of AISI 304 stainless steel. In this work, experiments were carried out as per the Taguchi experimental design and an $L_{27}$ orthogonal array was used to study the influence of various combinations of process parameters on surface roughness (Ra) and material removal rate (MRR). As a dynamic approach, the multiple response optimization was carried out using grey relational analysis (GRA) and desirability function analysis (DFA) for simultaneous evaluation. These two methods are considered in optimization, as both are multiple criteria evaluation and not much complicated. The optimum process parameters found to be cutting speed at 63 m/min, feed rate at 600 mm/min, and depth of cut at 0.8 mm. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to classify the significant parameters affecting the responses. The results indicate that depth of cut is the most significant parameter affecting multiple response characteristics of GFRP composites followed by feed rate and cutting speed. The experimental results for the optimal setting show that there is considerable improvement in the process.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.256-260
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• 1991

In B. subtilis, $\alpha$-amylase synthesis is regulated by amyR located directly on the upstream of amyE. Three different amyR alleles have been reported, amyR1, amyR2 and amyR3. Strains bearing the gra-10 mutation which confers derepression for catabolite repression has GlongrightarrowA transition mutation at ＋5 of amyR1. S1 nuclease mapping demonstrated that transcription initiated at 8 bases downstream from the -10 region of putative E$\sigma^{A}$ promoter P1 in amyR1 and gra-10. In amyR2, the major transcription initiatd at the same place and the minor, 10 bases downstream from -10 of P2. The transcript from P2 contributed approximately 15-20% of total amyE mRNA. S1 nuclease protection experiment indicated that amyE mRNA levels corresponded to the rate of synthesis assumed by specific activities of $\alpha$-amylase in culture supernatants, suggesting that $\alpha$-amylase synthesis is regulated at the level of transcription.n.