• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.371-376
• /
• 2010

Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is an herbal medicine that is commonly used in the East Asia for treating a variety of diseases, including stomach disorders. The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-stress effects of GR on repeated stress-induced alterations of anxiety, learning and memory in rats. Restraint stress was administered for 14 days (2 h/day) to the rats in the Control and GR groups (400 mg/kg/day, PO). Starting on the eighth day, the rats were tested for spatial memory on the Morris water maze test (MW) and for anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). We studied the changes of the expressions of cholineacetyl transferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the locus coerleus (LC) using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the rats treated with GR had significantly reduced stress-induced deficits on their learning and memory on the spatial memory tasks. In addition, the ChAT immunoreactivities were increased. Gor the EPM, treatment with GR increased the time spent in the open arms (p<0.001) as compared to that of the control group. Moreover, GR treatment also normalized the increases of the TH expression in the LC (p<0.001). In conclusion, administration of GR improved spatial learning and memory and reduced stress-induced anxiety. Thus, the present results suggest that GR has the potential to attenuate the behavioral and neurochemical impairments caused by stress.

• 혜화의학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.227-234
• /
• 2004

The international government committee is progressing their agreements about intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge(TK), gene resource(GR), folklore(FL) in WIPO. It is in the course of selection with precedence of TK, GR, FL in WIPO, focused on discussions about listing of TK documents, standardization of DB construction, sharing and profit distribution of GR. There are disagreements between developed countries and developing countries about intellectual property protection agreements of TK, GR. The developed countries insist on using the existing intellectual property protection, but the developing countries ask new ones on character of TK, GR. It causes intangible assets to be valuable trade properties in future world trade. This research Groped for a summary program about intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge(TK) etc. debating in WIPO. This program confirms that such as TK, GR etc. not only to be the cultural property accumulated in human history, but also to be the original resource may be using at present. Therefore, we suggest that the focus of discussion should transfer to UNESCO instead of WIPO which only deal with the intellectual property protection. Besides, the main body which protecting and supporting TK should become its holding organization so as to achieve more effective management about it. In order to protect and support TK, the government should have firstly the recognition that TK is the property belongs to the country. By this viewpoint, it needs to setup DB through overall excavation of the unofficial knowledges in order to protect and support these TK, GR. Because the positive dealing with those WIPO's discussion means to support our TK, GR, so there should have some reorganization about existing related ones, and also needs systemic supporting policies & management' system.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.1140-1146
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the comparison of immunomodualtory effects of water-extracted Ginseng Radix(GR), Pilose Asia-bell(PA), Astragali Radix(AR), Astractylodes Rhizoma alba(AA) and Dioscoreae Rhizoma (DR). The parameter examined to assess apparent immunomodulatory effect of the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR included the regulation of Nitric oxide (NO), the expression of Th1/Th2 type cytokine, the change of B cell phenotype. The water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In the Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression, the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR induced IL-2 and IFNr mRNA gene expression. Therefore, it seems that the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR have a inducing effect of Th1 type cytokines. In the Flow cytometry analysis, the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR did not change B cell phenotype (CD45R/B220). The water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR have a reducing effect of immune suppression cause by Methotrexate (MTX), an agent of immune suppression. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of the water-extracted GR, PA, AR, AA and DR may be, in part, associated with the inducing IL-2 and IFNr mRNA gene expression in and regulation of NO production in macrophage cells.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.169-173
• /
• 2004

몇가지 살충제에 대한 파굴파리 충태별 약제 방제효과를 조사한 결과, 알 상태에서 엽면 살포시 spinosad, dimethoate, emamectin benzoate, cartap 등의 방제가가 83% 이상으로 효과적이었다. 유충에 대해서는 dimethoate와 cartap이 87% 이상의 살충활성을 나타내었다. Dimethoate와 cartap을 엽면살포 후 잔효력을 조사한 결과 dimethoate는 약제처리 후 3일까지 93.3%의 높은 활성을 유지하였다. 번데기에 대해서는 terbufos GR, cartap GR이 88.2% 이상의 살충활성을 보였으며, 성충에 대해서는 dimethoate와 cartap이 95%이상 살충활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 알, 유충, 성충방제에는 dimethoate EC와 cartap SP, 번데기 방제에는 terbufos GR, cartap GR가 효과적이었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.1053-1058
• /
• 2010

Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is an herbal medicine commonly used in East Asia for treating a variety of diseases, including stomach disorders. In this study, the antidepressant-like activity of GR was investigated using the forced swimming test (FST) in rats. After the FST, the expression of c-Fos and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) was assessed by immunochemistry of brain samples from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The results of the FST showed that a high dose (400 mg/kg) of extract was very effective in reducing immobility(P<0.01), and increased climbing. In addition, treatment with GR (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the expression of c-Fos and CRF in the PVN, compared to controls. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated that GR effectively reduced behavioral and physiological depression responses in an animal model of depression, suggesting that GR might be useful in the treatment of clinical depression.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.81-85
• /
• 2007

글루코코르티코이드의 다양한 생리학적 과정은 이 호르몬에 의해 활성화된 수용체가 표적 유전자의 전사를 촉진 혹은 억제시킴으로써 일어나게 된다. 본 논문은 렌티바이러스 리포터 시스템을 이용하여 글루코코르티코이드 호르몬에 의한 GR 활성을 핵내에서 GRE에 의해 유도된 리포터 단백질인 mRFP 또는 루시퍼라아제의 발현을 통해 정성, 정량화 하였다. 그 결과 GR이 endogenous 하게 발현되는 HeLa 세포에서 코티졸을 처리하였을 때 활성화된 GR에 의해 GRE-inducible한 RFP와 루시퍼라아제의 발현이 각각 공초점 형광 현미경과 IVIS-200을 이용하여 형광 또는 BLI을 통해 증가함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 렌티바이러스 리포터 시스템을 이용한 연구는 세포 내에서 뿐 만 아니라 향후 생체내에서의 GR signaling을 모니터링하는데 유용하게 사용되어질 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.53-59
• /
• 2014

Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles attached graphene (GR) composite was synthesized for an enhanced glucose biosensor. Aerosol spray pyrolysis (ASP) was employed to synthesize the GR-Pd composite using a colloidal mixture of graphene oxide (GO) and palladium chloride ($PdCl_2$) precursor. The effects of the weight ratio of the Pd/GR on the particle properties including the morphology and crystal structure were investigated. The morphology of GR-Pd composites was generally the shape of a crumpled paper ball, and the average composite size was about $1{\mu}m$. Pd nanoparticles less than 20 nm in diameter were deposited on GR sheets and the Pd nanoparticles showed clear crystallinity. The characteristic of the glucose biosensor fabricated with the as-prepared GR-Pd composite was tested through cyclic voltammetry measurements. The biosensor exhibited a high current flow as well as clear redox peaks, which resulted in a superior ability of the catalyst in terms of an electrochemical reaction. The highest sensitivity obtained from the amperometric response of the glucose biosensor was $14.4{\mu}A/mM{\cdot}cm^2$.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제48권3호
• /
• pp.346-353
• /
• 2015

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones regulated through responses to stress to maintain diverse metabolic and homeostatic functions. GCs act on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor family. This study identified and characterized the GR gene from the big-belly seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis designating it HaGR. The open reading frame of the HaGR cDNA was 2,346 bp in length, encoding a 782-amino-acid polypeptide with a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.26 and predicted molecular mass of 86.8 kDa. Nuclear receptors share a common structural organization, comprising an N-terminal transactivation domain, DNA-binding domain, and C-terminal ligand-binding domain. The tissue-specific mRNA expression profile of HaGR was analyzed in healthy seahorses using a qPCR technique. HaGR mRNA was expressed ubiquitously in all of the tissues examined, with the highest expression levels in kidney, intestine, stomach, and gill tissues. The mRNA expression in response to immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), Edwardsiella tarda, and Streptococcus iniae revealed that it is inducible in response to pathogen infection. These results suggest that HaGR is involved in the immune response of the big-belly seahorse.

• 한국농림기상학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.72-79
• /
• 2002

자작나무류 4개 수종의 오존에 대한 생리 생화학적인 반응 특성을 비교하고, 수종별 오존 홉입량과 광합성 능력 및 항산화효소 활성간의 연관성을 찾기 위하여 거제수나무, 물박달나무, 자작나무, 사스래나무 묘목에 5주 동안 100 ppb 오존을 노출시킨 후 오존 흡입량, 광합성, SOD, GR 활성을 측정하였다. 5주 동안의 누적 오존 흡입량은 거제수나무가 53.8 mmol m$^{-2}$ 로 가장 많았으며, 물박달나무가 35.5 mmol m$^{-2}$ 로 가장 적었다. 오존에 노출된 4개 수종의 광합성 능력은 감소하였으나 기공전도도에 따른 광합성 반응은 수종간 달랐다. 4개 수종의 SOD 활성은 누적 오존 홉입량이 증가함에 따라 증가하다가 감소하였다. GR 활성은 거제수나무의 경우 SOD 활성과 마찬가지로 점차 증가하다가 감소하였으나, 다른 세 수종은 누적 오존 흡입량이 증가하면서 지속적으로 증가하였다. 결론적으로 거제수나무는 누적 오존 흡입량의 증가로 SOD와 GR 활성을 잃어버리는 민감성 수종으로 나타났으나, 다른 세 수종은 GR 활성을 지속적으로 증가시키는 저항성을 보였다. 또한 오존 흡입량에 따른 SOD와 GR 활성 반응은 반드시 일치하지 않으며, 수종별 반응 차이는 오존 흡입량에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국어류학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 2010

본 연구에서는 감성돔의 염분과 수온 변화에 따른 스트레스 반응을 알아보기 위하여 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA 발현을 조사하였다. 감성돔 신장으로부터 전장의 GR cDNA를 클로닝하였고, 염분과 수온이 변화하는 동안 아가미, 신장 및 장에서 GR mRNA 발현 변화를 quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR)을 이용하여 조사하였다. 염분 변화시, 아가미, 신장 및 장에서 GR mRNA 발현은 0 psu에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 혈장 cortisol과 glucose 농도도 증가한 반면, triiodothyronine ($T_3$) 농도는 감소하였다. 수온 변화시, 아가미, 신장 및 장에서 GR mRNA 발현은 $30^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 혈장 cortisol, glucose 및 $T_3$ 농도 또한 고수온 ($30^{\circ}C$)에서 증가하였다. GR mRNA 발현의 증가는 염분과 수온 변화와 같은 환경 요인에 대한 좋은 스트레스 지표로 여겨진다.