• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1086-1093
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• 2001

Object : With the recent variable treatment modalities and the development of microsurgical techniques, outcomes of surgical and medical management of aneurysm have shown much progress in the last 10 years. However, the management of posterior circulation aneurysm is still a debatable due to its difficulty in limited surgical approach, complicated anatomical structure and many small perforators to vital structure. The purpose of this study is to compare the results of clinical manifestation and outcome of surgery with respect to anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms. Material and Methods : We evaluated the 33 patients with PCAs(posterior circulation aneurysm) and 359 patients with ACAs(anterior circulation aneurysm) treated between 1994 and 1999, retrospectively. Results : Posterior circulation aneurysms showed higher tendency(5 cases, 14.7%) to have unusual shapes, such as dissecting or fusiform compared with anterior circulation aneurysm(15 cases, 4.2%). There were more multiple aneurysms in posterior circulation aneurysm(8 cases, 26.5%) than anterior circulation aneurysm(59 cases, 16.2%). The number of patients with Hunt-Hess grade III or IV on admission were 91(25.3%) in anterior circulation aneurysms, and 14(42.4%) in posterior circulation aneurysms. There were higher incidences of vasospasm and acute hydrocephalus in patients with posterior circulation aneurysm. In cases of anterior circulation aneurysm, neck clipping was possible in 97%. But, in posterior circulation aneurysm, neck clipping was possible only in 67.7% of each. Two hundred forty four cases(85.0%) of all anterior circulation aneurysms and 22 cases(78.6%) of all posterior circulation aneurysms showed good recovery(GR) or moderate disability(MD). The postoperative mortality rates of anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms were 4.9% and 10.7%, respectively. Conclusion : These results indicate that there exist substantial differences with respect to that there were few difference in the aspect of surgery and management outcome between posterior circulation aneurysms and anterior circulation aneurysms.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.609-616
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SR-HA(Stemonae Radix-herbal acupuncture) at Joksamni(ST36) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). One of the two experimental groups was just treated with needle-prick on Joksamni(ST36) and the other group was treated with 1% concentrations of SR-HA at Joksamni(ST36) for the later 8 weeks (3times/week). The weight of lung of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group, and significantly increased compared with those of normal group. The total cells of lung of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. Total leukocytes and eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated wtih SR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. Eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated wtih SR-HA in Photomicrographs decreased significantly compared with those of control group. According to histological analysis of lung sections, adhesion of collagen in SR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The concentration of IgE, IL-4, IL-5 in BALF of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group, and significantly increased compared with those of normal group. The concentration of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with that of control group, and significantly increased compared with those of normal group. The number of Gr-1+/CDl1b+, CO3-/CCR3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD3e+/CD69+ cells in the lungs of the mice group treated with SR-HA decreased significantly compared with those of control group. These results suggest that Stemonae Radix Herbal-acupuncture at Joksamni(ST36) in 057B146mice may be an effective part to OVA-induced asthma in C57BL/6 mice.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.47 no.12
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• pp.830-837
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, lysozyme, carbazochrome complex medicine($IGATAN^{(R)}$) for periodontal disease. Material and Methods : The study was performed by double blinded, ramdomized method. Forty two subjects diagnosed as chronic incipient or moderate periodontitis at department of periodontology, Yonsei Dental Hospital were included in the study. This study was approved by Institutional Review Board, Yonsei University Hospital. All subjects received scaling at their first examination and second examination was scheduled after 2 weeks. At second examination, periodontal parameters such as plaque index(PI), gingival index(GI), probing depth(PD), bleeding on probing(BOP), gingival recession(GR) and clinical attachment level(CAL) were recorded(Baseline) with prescription of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, lysozyme, carbazochrome complex($IGATAN^{(R)}$) (Experimental group 23 subjects) or placebo medicine(Control group; 19 subjects). The subjects were recalled after 4 weeks for periodontal parameters measurement. Results : In the experimental groups, PI, GI, CAL and BOP scores were significantly reduced at 4 weeks compared to baseline. A statistically significant decrease in or and BOP scores were observed in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion : It can be concluded that Vitamin C, Vitamin E, lysozyme, carbazochrome complex medicine($IGATAN^{(R)}$) have an effect in reducing gingival bleeding and improving periodontal inflammatory condition inchronic incipient- moderate periodontitis.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.386-396
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• 2005

The effects of spirulina-added salad dressing on lipid profiles and antioxidant biomarkers such as total glutathionine, TBARS value, carbonyl value, GPx, GR, SOD and paraoxonase activity in plasma or liver of mice were evaluated Sixteen male ICR mice weighing 20$\pm$2 g were divided into two groups and fed low fat ($5\%$ fat) diet (low fat control: LFC) and low fat control plus dressing diet (LFD) for eight weeks. Body weight, tissue weights of liver, heart and kidney, and the distribution of body fat deposition were not significantly different between two groups. Also, the profile of TG, TC, LDL and HDL cholesterol were similar between two groups. The DNA damage was determined using the comet assay (single cell gel assay) with alkaline electrophoresis and quantified by measuring tail length (TL). Spirulina salad dressing consumption resulted in significant decrease in lymphocyte DNA damage expressed by TL (LFC: $28.8{\mu}m$, LFD: $20.3{\mu}m$). Additionally, salad dressing consumption for 8 wks decreased the lipid peroxidation assayed by TBARS to $12.6\%$ compared with the control. The levels of antioxidant vitamins such as $\beta$-carotene were significantly higher in plasma of LFD group than those in LFC group based on HPLC method This study shows that spirulina-added salad dressing exerts degenerative disease-protective effects on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation possibly via a free radical levels.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.184-192
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• 2012

The present study was designed to examine the potential antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of ethanol extract from $Prunus$ $mume$ fruit (PME) against alloxan-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells, HIT-T15. To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of PME, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliu bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, $NAD^+$/NADH ratio and insulin secretion were assessed. We also measured its antioxidant effect against alloxan-induced oxidative stress in the cells by assessing the levels of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The results of this analysis showed that alloxan significantly decreased cell viability, increased LDH leakage, and lowered $NAD^+$ /NADH ratio and insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells. However, PME significantly increased the viability of alloxan-treated cells and lowered LDH leakage. The intracellular $NAD^+$ /NADH ratio and insulin secretion were also increased by 1.5~1.9-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively, after treatment with the PME. The HIT-T15 cells treated with alloxan showed significant decreases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, while PME significantly elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes. Based on these results, we suggest that PME could have a protective effect against the cytotoxicity and dysfunction of pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells in the presence of alloxan-induced oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.119-135
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the Asthma-suppressive and Immune-regulatory effect of AF-HA(Aristolochiae Fructus Herbal-acupuncture) at Joksamni(St36) in OVA(ovalbumin) induced asthma mouse model. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA(ovalbumin) for 12 weeks(once a week). The mice in the OVA-AF-HA group were treated with AF-HA at St36 for the later 8weeks(3times/week). The mice in the OVA-Needle-prick group were treated with single prick with an injection needle at St36 for the later 8 weeks(3times/week). Results : 1. The lung weight and the total cells in lung of the mice treated with AF-HA at St36 decreased significantly compared with those of the OVA-control group. 2. Total leukocytes and eosinophils in BALF of the mice group treated with AF-HA at St36 decreased remarkably compared with those of the OVA-control group. 3. The collagen accumulation in lung of OVA-AF-HA group decreased significantly compared with that of the OVA-control group, 4. The concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IgE in BALF, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 in serum of the mice group treated with AF-HA at St36 decreased significantly compared with those of the OVA-control group. 5. The numbers of $Gr-1^+/CD11b^+\;and\;CD11b^+$ cells in lung of the mice group treated with AF-HA at St36 decreased significantly compared with those of the OVA-control group. 6. The numbers of $CCR3^+,\;CD4^+,\;CD8^+\;and \;CD3e^+/CD69^+$ cells in lung of the mice group treated with AF-HA at 5136 decreased significantly compared with those of the OVA-control group. 7. The mRNA expressions of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-4, IL-5, IL13 in lung of the mice group treated with AF-HA at St36 decreased significantly compared with those of the OVA-control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Aristolochiae Fructus Herbal-acupuncture at Joksamni(St36) may be an effictive therapeutic method to treat asthma.

• The Journal of Engineering Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.23-32
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• 2004

Metals, ceramics and polymers are widely used as bioimplant materials. However, Ti and Ti alloys are widely used because of its high strength to weight ratio and good biocompatibility when implanted in the body. In this experiment, Ti alloys of Grade-4 (gr4), 0.2 wt % Fe, 0.5 wt % Fe and 2 wt % Fe were studied for their surface morphology and HAp forming ability on the metal substrate for different treatments. Intially, the samples were mechanically polished on silicone carbide paper (No.-2000). The polished samples were treated with 5M NaOH solution at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The NaOH treated samples were washed gently with distill water and dried at $40^{\circ}C$ for 1 day. The dried samples were heated in air at $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. The surface morphology of these samples were studied using SEM. The SEM studies showed network of pores in all samples. These samples were immersed in stimulated body fluids (SBF) kept at $36.5^{\circ}C$ for different periods over the length of 1 to 14 days. The apatite formation was confirmed on all Ti-alloys using EDAX.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.6-12
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• 2012

A fact-finding survey was conducted to obtain the basic information on nation-wide weed distribution and farmer's opinions to weed control strategy in paddy field. Most respondents considered Echinochloa spp., Monochloa vaginalis, Sagittaria trifolia, and Scirpus juncoides etc. as dominate weeds in paddy fields. And herbicide resistant weed species were M. vaginalis, S. juncoides, E. oryzicola and S. pygmaea etc. Purchase guidances for herbicide selection, experience of farmers was 34.0% and dealers recommendation was 33.9% at farmer's level. And paddy field herbicides application frequence were one time 15.6% but twice 75.6%. Preferred herbicides were ranked in the following order: oxadizone 12% EC, butachlor 5% GR, butachlor 33% CS, mefenacet pyrazodulfuron-ethyl 21.42% SC, and oxadiargyl 1.7% EC etc. in paddy fields. And in most preferred foliar herbicide were bentazone MCPA 38.6% SL and bentazone cyhalop-butyl 18.5% ME, 48.5% and 22.3%, respectively.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.69-93
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• 2008

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of KKHS on atopic dermatitis in an in-vivo experiment using an NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse, which has histological and clinical similarities to this condition in humans. Methods To investigate the effect of KKHS on atopic dermatitis (AD), we evaluated atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions by clinical skin index and analyzed immunological parameters in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), splenocytes, draining lymph node(DLN) and performed skin histology in ears and dorsal skin of atopic dermatitis of NC/Nga mouse in vivo. Results In vivo, clinical skin severity score was significantly lower in the KKHS group than in the control group. IgE, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IgM, IgG2a and IgG2b levels in serum decreased remarkably in the KKHS group than in the control group, and the level of IFN-${\gamma}$ production which is secreted from Th1 cell was increased by KKHS. After this experiment we analyzed immunological cells ($CD3^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3^+CD69^+$, $CD4^+CD25^+$ and $CD49b^+$) by flow cytometry. It results that the total absolute number of $CD3^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ cells were recovered as much as normal state, and the level of $CD3^+CD69^+$ in isolated DLN and PBMCs were significantly decreased, and total absolute number of $Gr-1^+$, $CD11b^+$ and $CD3^+$ in dorsal skin of NC/Nga mouse were decreased by KKHS. We analyzed ear, DLN, and neck-back skin after biopsy and dyeing by hematoxyline/eosin(H&E), toluidine staining (mast cells marker). KKHS were very effective to the histological symptoms which are in dermal and epidermal thickening, hyperkeratosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Ear thickness was significantly decreased compared with the control group and the size of inflammatory lymphocytes cells (ILC) and plasma cells (PC) in DLN were also decreased. Conclusions KKHS on atopic dermatitis in an in-vivo experiment using an NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse was very effectiveness to the atopy dermatitis treatment.

• Journal of Chitin and Chitosan
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.267-276
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• 2018

This study was performed to investigate the ameliorating effect of a hangover beverage mixture (SBJ) that contains Dendropanax morbifera Lev. and several medicinal plant extracts, on hepatoprotection and alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in alcohol-induced hangover in both in vitro and in vivo models. In human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, 300 mM of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity was significantly improved by pretreatment of SBJ by dose-dependent manner. In the in vivo study, administration of alcohol to rats raised to the concentration of blood alcohol and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Blood alcohol and LDH levels in SBJ-treated rats significantly decreased at 0.5 h and 8 h after acute ethanol administration (40%, 4.6 g/kg body weight) as compared to alcohol-treated rats. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity were significantly higher in SBJ-treated rats than in alcohol-treated rats. SBJ supplementation reduced formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and inhibited reductions of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), hepatic glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, compared with rats administered alcohol. Plasma catalase (CAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels showed unaltered resulted in all experimental groups compared with the control group. These results suggest that SBJ exhibit hepatoprotective properties by enhancing ADH, ALDH activity and stimulating the antioxidant defense system in alcohol-induced hangover.