• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1303-1310
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• 2014

A 12 week growth study was carried out to investigate the supplemental effects of dietary garlic powder (GP) on growth, feed utilization and whole body composition changes of fingerling sterlet sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus (averaging weight, 5.5 g). Following a 24-h fasting, 540 fish were randomly distributed to each of 18 tanks (30 fish/tank) under a semi-recirculation freshwater system. The GP of 0.5% (GP0.5), 1% (GP1), 1.5% (GP1.5), 2% (GP2) and 3% (GP3) was added to the control diet (GP0) containing 43% protein and 16% lipid. After the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) of fish fed GP1.5, GP2 and GP3 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of fish fed GP0, GP0.5 and GP1. Feed efficiency and specific growth rate (SGR) showed a similar trend to WG. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed GP1.5, GP2, and GP3 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of fish groups fed the other diets. A significant difference (p<0.05) was found in whole body composition (moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and fiber) of fish at the end of the experiment. Significantly higher (p<0.05) protein and lipid retention efficiencies (PRE and LRE) were also found in GP1.5, GP2, and GP3 groups. Broken-line regression model analysis and second order polynomial regression model analysis relation on the basis of SGR and WG indicated that the dietary optimal GP level could be greater than 1.77% and 1.79%, but less than 2.95% and 3.18% in fingerling sterlet sturgeon. The present study suggested that dietary GP for fingerling sterlet sturgeon could positively affect growth performance and protein retention.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.409-420
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• 2010

Effects of various concentrations of garlic powder and garlic extract in the diets on growth, serum chemistry and immune response of olive flounder were determined. Thirty-five juvenile fish averaging 5.1 g were randomly distributed into 21 of 180 L flow-through tanks. Seven experimental diets with various concentrations of garlic powder (GP) and garlic extract (GE) were prepared in triplicate: GP-0 without garlic supplementation, GP-0.5, GP-1, GP-2, GP-3 and GP-5 diets containing garlic powder at the concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5%, respectively at the expense of wheat flour and finally, GE-0.4 diet containing 0.4% garlic extract were prepared. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, serum chemistry of fish was measured. In addition, twenty fish from each tank were artificially infected with E. tarda for the following 96 h to monitor cumulative mortality. Weight gain of fish fed GP-0 diet was higher than that of fish fed GP-1, GP-2, GP-3 and GP-5 diets. No difference in serum criteria (total protein, glucose, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, cholesterol and triglyceride levels) of olive flounder was found among the experimental diets except for glutamate pyruvate transaminase. Lysozyme activity of fish fed GP-0, GP-1, GP-3 and GE-0.4 diets was higher than that of fish fed GP-5 diet. The highest cumulative mortality was 93.3% in fish fed GP-0 diet at 96 h after E. tarda infection, followed by GP-3, GP-1, GP-5, GP-2, GP-0.5 and GE-0.4 diets. In considering these results, dietary inclusion of garlic powder and garlic extract has no distinctive positive effect on improvement in growth, serum chemistry and immune response of olive flounder in this experimental conditions, therefore, its application should be carefully considered.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix pharmacopuncture (GP) at Hwando (GB30) in neuropathic pain induced rats. Methods : Neuropathic pain in rats was induced by tibial and sural nerve transection. The rat subjects were divided into 6 groups : normal (Nor, n = 5), control (Con, n = 5), neuropathic pain- induced injected at GB30 with 1 mg/kg GP (GP-A, n = 5), 5 mg/kg GP (GP-B, n = 5) and 20 mg/kg GP (GP-C, n = 5), and neuropathic pain-induced injected with 1mg/kg Tramadol (Tramadol, n＝5). Injections were administered 2 times a week for a total of 5 treatments. After each treatment plantar withdrawal response was measured and after all 5 treatments were completed c-fos, Bax, Bcl-2, mGlu5 and leukocytes in the blood were analyzed. Results : 1. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the withdrawal response of mechanical allodynia compared to the control group. 2. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in the expression of c-fos compared to the control group. 3. Groups GP-A and GP-C showed a meaningful increase in the expression of mGluR5 compared to the control group. 4. Groups GP-A, GP-B and GP-C showed a meaningful decrease in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared to the control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix pharmacopuncture at Hwando (GB30) could decrease mechanical allodynia and could have analgesic and neuroprotective effects on the model of neuropathic pain.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.80-81
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• 2003

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the dietary effect of garlic powder(GP) and copper(Cu) on productivity, storage qualify of egg and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens. 52-week-old layers were fed one of six diets containing 0 ％GP(Control), 1·3·5 ％ GP, 200 ppm Cu, 3 ％ GP-200 ppm Cu, respectively, for 5 wks. There were no differences in egg production performances and feed intake among treated groups. With the increase in dietary GP levels, the Haugh unit were higher linearly after 7-d and 14-d storage. The cholesterol contents of serum and egg Yolk in 3 ％ GP-200 ppm Cu groups were significantly lower than those of Control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.7 s.87
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• pp.964-969
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of addition of pork fat, olive oil and soybean oil on the quality and sensory of ground pork meat. The samples consisted of the ground pork meat containing 20% pork fat (GP-P), 20% olive oil (GP-O), and 20% soybean oil (GP-S). The chemical composition, surface color, fatty acid composition, water hold-ing capacity, pH, VBN content and TBARS value were determined for the ground pork meat as the quality characteristics, and the sensory score were also evaluated. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash content were not different among the GP-P, GP-O and GP-S. The $L^{*}$(lighaess), $a^{*}$(redness) and $b^{*}$(yellowness) of /GP-P were higher than those of the GP-O and GP-S (p<0.05). Palmitic acid was the most abundant among saturated fatty acids, and palmitic acid content of GP-P (24.384%)was higher than that of the GP-O (15.611%) and GP-5 (14.423%). In case of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid of GP-P (43.773%) and GP-O (65.040%) were the highest, linoleic. acid for GP-5 (40.762) was the highest. The water holding capacity of GP-P was higher than that of the GP-0 and GP-5, the pH of GP-S was higher than that of the GP-P and GP-O, and the VBN content and TBARS value of GP-P was higher than that of the GP-O and GP-5 (p<0.05). The raw color of GP-0 and GP-S were higher than that of the GP-P (p<0.05), however the raw aroma was not different among the samples. In case of roasted ground pork meat, the aroma was not different among the samples, the taste, texture and palatability or GP-S were the highest among the samples, and the juiciness of GP-O and GP-S were higher than that of the GP-P(p<0.05).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2001

Expression of the baculovirus major envelope glycoprotein gene(gp64) is regulated by transcription from botha early and late promoters. To develop a transient expression vector under the control of gp64 gene promoter, the gp64 gene of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus-K1(BmNPV-K1) was characterized. The gp64 gene was local-ized at EcoR I-Pst I 7.38-kb fragment of the BmNPV-K1 genome. The EcorR 1-Pst I 7.38-kb fragment was cloned and the nucleotide sequence of 2,277 bases including the coding region of gp64 gene was determined. Based on these results, transient expression vector using gp64 gene promoter was constructed and named as pBm64. E.coli lacZ gene was introduced onto pBm64 as a reporter gene and expressed transiently in B. mori 5(Bm 5) cells. The expression vector transfected into the cells was maintained stably for 1 to 5 days. In order to confirm the expression of the reporter gene by gp64 promoter, recombinant virus was constructed. The recombinant virus has two independent transcription units in opposite orientations with two promoters; gp64 and polyhedrin gene promoters each initiating transcription of $\beta$-galactosidase and polyhedrin, respectively. Polyhedra formation and expression of $\beta$-galactosidase in Bm5 cells infected with the recombinant virus were observed with phase contrast microscope and in situ staining.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.11
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• pp.1-9
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the wire retention on newsprint process mainly composed of Groundwood Pulp(GP) and Deinked Pulp(DIP) with change of stock mixture ratio according to variation of stock temperature, stock pH, rosin and alum amount. The obtained results were summarized as follows 1. The wire retention was decreased continuously with increasing of stock temperature regardless of stock type. The retention of DIP stock was more rapidly decreased than GP stock. 2. Maximum retention was obtained at pH 5. The retention of GP stock was more rapidly decreased below or over pH 5 in comparison with DIP. 3. Maximum retention was obtained at 2% alum level on GP and GP/DIP=50/50, but 3% alum level in case of DIP. 4. Higher retention efficiency was obtained in case of adding alum after using 1% rosin in comparison with alum only. 5. The retention was mainly affected by fiber flocculation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.315-320
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• 2006

Silymarin showed P-glycoprptein(P-gp) inhibitory activity as much as verapamil, a well-known P-gp inhibitor, by decreasing $IC_{50}$ value of daunomycin(DNM)($16.0{\pm}0.7{\mu}M$), increasing the DNM accumulation($224.9{\pm}3.2%$), and decreasing DNM efflux($58.5{\pm}6.7%$), concurrently. In this study, we clarified the mechanism of action of silymarin for P-gp inhibitory function. First, silymarin may bind to the ATP-binding site and thus, prevent ATP hydrolysis. Second, the P-gp inhibitory activity of silymarin is not related to changing the cellular P-gp level. Third, the cytotoxicity of silymarin was increased in the presence of verapamil, reflecting that silymarin is a competent P-gp substrate against verapamil in the P-gp-overexpressed adriamycin-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer(MCF-7/ADR) cells. Conclusively, silymarin had the P-gp inhibitory activity through the action of competent binding to the P-gp substrate-binding site. Therefore, silymarin can be a good candidate for safe and effective MDR reversing agent in clinical chemotherapy by administering concomitantly with anticancer drugs.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.545-556
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• 2001

Crude saponin fractions were isolated using non-ionic resin chromatography from Ginseng Radix Alba (PG) and Gynostemmae Herba+ (GP). These saponin fractions were orally administered to strep- tozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 2 weeks and to high-fat diet-induced obese rats for 4 weeks. Treatment with either PG saponin or GP saponin at a dose of 1 mg/kg significantly decreased the plasma glucose level to that of glibenclamide treated or normal groups. The increased plasma triglyceride (TG) level in diabetic rats was decreased by 50% with PG or GP saponin treatment. Combined administration of PG and GP saponins with different ratios (total dose of 1 mg/kg) also had the similar effects on the blood glucose and TG levels with that of PG or GP alone. Treatments with GP (1 mg/kg) or GP (0.5 mg/kg) and PG (0.5 mg/kg) together significantly suppressed the rise in TG levels induced by high-fat diet whereas slightly suppressed the rise in the total cholesterol level. The body weight gain was also decreased both in the two saponin treated groups. These results demonstrate that either alone or mixture of PG and GP have similar degree of effects on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.582-586
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of garlic powder (GP) and copper (Cu) on laying performances and the cholesterol content and quality characteristics of eggs during storage in laying hens. A total of one hundred and eighty, 50-wk-old, Hy-Line Brown layers were divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates per group (10 layers per replicate) and fed one of six diets containing GP 0%, GP 1%, GP 3%, GP 5%, Cu 200 ppm, or GP 3%-Cu 200 ppm for 5 wks. There were no differences in the laying performances and feed intakes bertween treatments. Eggshell strength, eggshell thickness and yolk color were also not affected by feeding of GP and Cu. With increasing dietary GP, Haugh unit was linearly increased after 2 wk of storage (p<0.05). The levels of serum total cholesterol in hens fed diets containing GP or Cu were lower than that of the control (p<0.05), but high density lipoprotein-cholesterol was not influenced by dietary GP or Cu. The content of egg yolk cholesterol from hens fed diets containing GP or Cu was significantly decreased from that of the control, except for the GP 1% group. Based on the results of this experiment, the decrease of Haugh unit during storage was alleviated by feeding of GP. The feeding of GP or Cu alone and in combination altered the cholesterol fractions in serum and reduced the content of egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens.