• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2009

GOMS model is a cognitive modeling method of human performance based on Goal, Operators, Methods, Selection rules. GOMS model was originally designed for desktop environment so that it is difficult for GOMS model to be implemented into the mobile environment. In addition, GOMS model would be inaccurate because the original GOMS model was based on serial processing, excluding one of most important human information processing characteristics, parallel processing. Therefore this study was designed to propose a modified GOMS model including mobile computing and parallel processing. In order to encompass mobile environment, an operator of 'look for' was divided into 'visual move to' and 'recognize' whereas 'point to' and 'click' were combined into 'tab.' The results showed that newly introduced operators were necessary to estimate more accurate mobile computing behaviors. In conclusion, modified-GOMS model could predict human performance more accurately than the original GOMS model in the mobile computing environment.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2012

Due to the widespread use of smart devices, threats of direct observation attacks such as shoulder surfing and recording attacks, by which user secrets can be stolen at user interfaces, are increasing greatly. Although formal security models are necessary to evaluate the possibility of and security against those attacks, such a model does not exist. In this paper, based on the previous work in which a HCI cognitive model was firstly utilized for analyzing security, we propose STM-GOMS model as an improvement of GOMS-based model with regard to memory limitations. We then apply STM-GOMS model for analyzing usability and security of a password entry scheme commonly used in smart devices and show the scheme is vulnerable to the shoulder-surfing attack. We finally conduct user experiments to show the results that support the validity of STM-GOMS modeling and analysis.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.1652-1660
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• 2009

The main objective of this research is to build a behavior prediction model of gameplay for MMO (Massively Multiplayer Online) game using the GOMS analysis method. GOMS analysis is an observational approach to HCI(Human Computer Interaction) to model and predict behaviors of a human operator in a highly interactive task. In this research, a pilot experiment was previously conducted with three skilled gamers. The gamers were provided with the goals and operators through the user's guide book, and they found methods and selection rules while being observed. Based on the results obtained from the pilot study, this research was expanded and the model was further tested with 30 subjects (game experts). The new outcomes revealed that the relevance of GOMS analysis for predicting selection rules is 96.25% according to the degree of abstraction and 77.35% based on the degree of complexity. This research will provide game designers with a new testing mechanism in the early development stages, in order to improve the quality of the game product.

• IE interfaces
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

The purpose of this research was to develop an integrated interface for the usability test of systems or products in the design process. It is capable of automatically creating GOMS models which can predict human task performances. It can generate GOMS models to be interacted with the prototype interfaces. It can also effectively manage various design information and various usability test results to be implemented into the new product and/or system design. Thus we can perform usability test for products or system prototypes more effectively and also reduce time and effort required for this test. For usability tests, we established an integrated interface based on GOMS model by the LabVIEW program. We constructed the system that the linkage to GOMS model is available. Using this integrated interface, the menu structure of mobile phone can be constructed easily. User can design a depth and a breath that he want. The size of button and the label of the button is changable. The path to the goal can be defined by the user. Using a designed menu structure, the experiment could be performed. The results of GOMS model and the actual time are presented. Besides, values of operators of GOMS model can be defined as the value that user wants. Using the integrated interface that we developed, the optimal menu structure deducted. The menu structure that user wants can be established easily. The optimal layout and button size can be decided by comparison of numerous menu structures. User can choose the method of usability test among GOMS model and empirical data. Using this integrated interface, the time and costs can be saved and the optimal menu structure can be found easily.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.303-310
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• 2011

In this study, we employ CPM-GOMS analysis for explaining physical and cognitive processes and for quantitatively predicting when users are typing Korean text messages on mobile phones using both hands. First, we observe the behaviors of 10 subjects, when the subjects enter keypads with both hands. Then, basing upon MHP, we categorize the behaviors into perceptual, cognitive, motor operators, and then we analyze those operators. After that, we use the critical paths to model two task sentences. Also, we used Fitts' law method which was applied many times to predict text entering time on mobile phone to compare with the results of our CPM-GOMS model. We followed Lee's (2008) method that is well suited for text entry task using both hands and calculate total task time for each task sentences. For the sake of comparison between the actual data and the results predicted from our CPM-GOMS model, we empirically tested 10 subjects and concluded that there were no significant differences between the predicted values and the actual data. With the CPM-GOMS model, we can observe the human information processes composed on the physical and cognitive processes. Also we verified that the CPM-GOMS model can be well applied to predict the users' performance when they input text messages on mobile phones using both hands by comparing the predicted total task time with the real execution time.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study is to extract GOMS manual operator, except for an experiment with participants. Background: The GOMS model has advantage of rapid modeling which is suitable for the environment of technology development which has a short life cycle products with a fast pace. The GOMS model was originally designed for desktop environment so that it is not adequate for implementing into the latest HCI environment such as small touch screen device. Therefore, this research proposed GOMS manual operator extraction methodology which is excluded experimental method. And flick Gesture was selected to explain application of proposed methodology to extract new operator. Method: Divide into start to final step of hand gesture needed to extract as an operator through gesture task analysis. Then apply the original GOMS operator to each similar step of gesture and modify the operator for implementation stage based on existing Fitts' law research. Steps that are required to move are modified based on the Fitts' law developed in touch screen device. Finally, new operator can be derived from using these stages and a validation experiment, performed to verify the validity of new operator and methodology by comparing human performance. Results: The average movement times of the participants' performance and the operator which is extracted in case study are not different significantly. Also the average of movement times of each type of view study is not different significantly. Conclusion: In conclusion, the result of the proposed methodology for extracting new operator is similar to the result of the experiment with their participants. Furthermore the GOMS model included the operator by the proposed methodology in this research could be applied successfully to predict the user's performance. Application: Using this methodology could be applied to develop new finger gesture in the touch screen. Also this proposed methodology could be applied to evaluate the usability of certain system rapidly including the new finger gesture performance.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.365-373
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• 2011

The existing GOMS model overestimates the performance time of mouse activities because it describes them in a serial sequence. However, parallel movements of eye and hand(eye-hand coordination) have been dominant in mouse activities and this eye-hand coordination is the main factor for the overestimation of performance time. In this study, therefore, the revised CGOMSL model was developed to implement eye-hand coordination to the mouse activity to overcome one of the limitations of GOMS model, the lack of capability for parallel processing. The suggested revised CGOMSL model for drag activity, as an example for one of mouse activities in this study, begins visual search processing before a hand movement but ends the visual search processing with the hand movement in the same time. The results show that the revised CGOMSL model made the prediction of human performance more accurately than the existing GOMS model. In other words, one of the limitations of GOMS model, the incapability of parallel processing, could be overcome with the revised CGOMSL model so that the performance time should be more accurately predicted.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.981-993
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• 2009

It would cause a serious problem in the panel data when panel attrition is concentrated on certain socioeconomic groups. Using the GOMS, this study investigates whether there exists non-random attrition bias in the data and seeks for feasible solutions to minimize the bias. The results of logit analyses show that panel attrition in the GOMS results mainly from surveying system but not from the surveyed. Therefore, the result suggests to develop well-organized management skill and systems as well as to construct weighting methods.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2015

Currently the gamification as marketing technique has appeared in the field non-related with game, applied to game elements. The alternate reality game pulled down the boundary between the real and the virtual has come out. New trend game has shown beyond the range of the existing game. The possibility has import into online baseball simulation game. The objective of this research is the exploratory approach to build GOMS model through three subjects to the famous pro-baseball manager game. After game playing session, three subjects' utterance with game experience was recorded. We built the goal hierarchy of goal in GOMS to pro-baseball manager game to analyze the vocabulary in three subjects' utterance. We try to find the possibility of gamification in alternate reality game interacting between the real and the virtual, and demolishing them.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.353-363
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to present a model to design the layout of the user interface components that handles many numbers of qualitative factors. An alternate rating system is also proposed for the closeness relationship ratings between the various pairs of components evaluated by using GOMS (goals, operators, methods and selection rules) technique. The proposed model is applied to the design of the part of the user interface in order to obtain the best layout of the components. The results of the proposed model are compared with that of an existing model, which handles single qualitative factor applied to obtain the layouts of user interface components.