• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.135-143
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• 2011

This study evaluated the respiratory capacity of spastic cerebral palsy children who were grouped by GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System) levels and identified the acoustic characteristics of three different types of Korean stops (stop consonants) which are needed for the temporal coordination of larynx and supra-larynx, in these children. Thirty-two children with dysarthria due to spastic cerebral palsy were divided into two subgroups: 14 children classified at GMFCS levels I~III were placed in Group 1 and 18 classified at GMFCS levels IV~V were placed in Group 11, and 18 children with normal speech were selected and placed in the control group. /a/ pronged phonation (sustained vowel /a/) and nine Korean VCV syllables were used. Examined acoustic characteristics were maximum phonation time (MPT) and closure duration and aspiration duration. The results were as follows: 1) The MPTs of the cerebral palsy (CP) groups, both Group I and Group II, were significantly shorter than those of the normal group. 2) The closure durations of the two CP groups were longer than those of the normal group for all 9 target syllables. 3) The aspiration durations of the two CP groups were longer than those of the normal group. 4) The closure duration of the normal and CP Group I was significantly different among tense, aspirated, and lax. However, the CP Group II was different from normal. 5) The aspiration duration of the normal and CP Group I was significantly different among aspirated, tense, and lax. However, the CP Group II was different from normal. 6) The place of articulation influenced less than the manner of articulation on closure and aspiration duration.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.248-256
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among functional evaluation systems, the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and the functional status (WeeFIM) in children with spastic cerebral palsy and to provide the foundation data about MACS for evaluation system of hand function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. For this, sixty children with spastic cerebral palsy were employed in this study. The sixty children were evaluated by using the MACS for their hand function and by using the GMFCS for their motor function. The functional status were assessed by using the Functional Independence Measure of Children (WeeFIM). There were a significant correlation between the MACS and the GMFCS (r =.659, p <.05). The good correlation between the MACS and WeeFIM was found (r = -.576, p <.05). The functional status according to the hand function level evaluated by using the MACS were different significantly (p <.05). The MACS in practice will provide usefulness for assessment of hand function in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.69-76
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to examine the reliability and validity of Korean translation of Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-K) in school-aged children with cerebral palsy (CP). The PEDI-K, Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMIFCS) were completed in 104 school-aged children with CP by therapists. The internal consistency of the PEDI-K was calculated by Cronbach's alpha (${\alpha}$) for assessing reliability. Concurrent validity was evaluated by correlation with the subsets of WeeFIM. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing GMFCS levels with tests of the PEDI-K. The results showed that internal consistency was good (Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ ranged from .97~.98). Concurrent validity was demonstrated. The correlation with WeeFIM was high in the Functional Skills (self-care, r=.74~.94; mobility, r=.59~.91; social function, r=.65~.93) and in the Caregiver Assistance (self-care, r=.75~.94; mobility, r=.63~.90; social function, r=.78~.96). Discriminant validity was demonstrated on significant decreases in domain scores with increasing GMFCS levels. Reliability and validity have been demonstrated on the PEDI-K. This study extends usage of PEDI-K in clinical activities and research.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.37-44
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the functional (mobility, self-care, social ability) and health-related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: A cross- sectional survey of 202 children with CP, mean age $5.91{\pm}1.57$ years, was carried out using the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ). Results: The functional assessment of children with CP showed that a more severe GMFCS level was associated with lower functional abilities (p<0.05). The health-related quality of life assessment showed that psychosocial well-being was less impaired than physical well-being. The internal consistency of the three instruments was satisfactory (cronbach's ${\alpha}$>0.80). The three different scales were correlated from moderate to strong (r=0.44 to 0.92). It was also found that mobility, tone distribution, and the parents' education level exerted a significant effect on the quality of life of children with CP (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that children with CP have reduced function and quality of life and these are influenced by various factors. However, planning and application of various task-oriented functional interventions to childhood CP may be useful.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate applicability of the GMFM-88 in planning intervention for CP children. Specifically, this study assessed functional improvement after a four-week GMFM-88 item-based training in CP children divided into three age groups (${\leq}24$ months, 25-48 months, and >48 months) and five levels of the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS). Methods: Subjects were 264 children with CP (mean age 32.90 months) recruited from one CP clinic. The GMFM-88 item-based training was planned for each child, after an interview with its caregiver. To investigate functional improvement after the intervention, minimum important difference (MID) and MID proportion for the change in scores of GMFM-88 were calculated. Results: The GMFM-88 scores increased after the interventions in all three age groups (p<0.05). In particular, children with CP aged ${\leq}24$ months and at the GMFCS level II showed greater functional improvement after training. Conclusion: This study found that the GMFM-88 item-based training would be used to plan activity-oriented intervention both in clinic and home in each CP child.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the factors related to school-based activity performance in school-aged children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: The Gross Motor Function Systems (GMFCS), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) as functional classifications, and the physical activity performance of the School Function Assessment (SFA) were measured in 79 children with spastic CP to assess the student's performance of specific school-related functional activities. RESULTS: All the function classification systems were correlated significantly with the physical activity performance of the SFA ($r_s=-.47$ to -.80) (p<.05). The MACS (${\beta}=-.59$), GMFCS (${\beta}=-.23$), CFCS (${\beta}=-.21$), and age (${\beta}=-.15$) in order were predictors of the physical activity performance of the SFA (84.8%)(p<.05). CONCLUSION: These functional classification systems can be used to predict the school-based activity performance in school-aged children with CP. In addition, they can contribute to the selection of areas for intensive interventions to improve the school-based activity performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.45-53
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the differences in the trunk impairment scores according to the levels of the gross motor classification system by evaluating trunk control in children with spastic cerebral palsy using the index of trunk impairment. In addition, the characteristics of trunk control disabilities were investigated according to the cerebral palsy type. METHODS: The subjects were 49 children (mean age 8.57±1.83 years, 11 with hemiplegia, 26 with diplegia, and 12 with quadriplegia) with spastic cerebral palsy levels I to IV under the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS). The coordination and balance of the children with cerebral palsy were evaluated using the index for trunk impairment. Statistical analyses were performed using a Kruskal-Wallis test, and Bonferroni analyses were used as a post-hoc comparison for any significant results. RESULTS: The median of the total scores of trunk impairment was 13 (range, 9-17), which was 56% of the maximum score. The total score of trunk impairment and subscales differed significantly according to the disease severity and type of motor disability. The scores for children with quadriplegia were the lowest compared to children with hemiplegia and diplegia. CONCLUSION: Trunk control function in children with spastic cerebral palsy was reduced, and varied according to the disease severity and types of motor disabilities. The degree of trunk impairment differed from the trunk control ability according to the degree of motor disability of children with cerebral palsy.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined whether the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy is affected by the functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors using an ICF-CY check list. Methods: This study recruited in 26 parents of children with cerebral palsy. The functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors of the children were evaluated using ICF-CY checklist. To measure the quality of life of parents, this study used world health organization quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), which was composed of a total of 26 questions. The GMFCS (gross motor function classification system) was used to assess the degree of disability in the children. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of the ICF-CY checklist on the quality of life. Correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between GMFCS and WHOQOL. Results: The functions, activities, participation, and environmental factors were significantly different from WHOQOL-BREF. On the other hand, the contextual factor showed a significant difference in the neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (b7), and service, systems, and policies (e5)(p<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that the functions and environmental factors affect the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, these findings suggest that contextual factors, such as neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (b7), and service, systems and policies (e5), which can be facilitators, should be considered for improving the quality of life of parents of children with cerebral palsy.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to apply treadmill training through motor learning to cerebral palsy children and examine its effects on their Gross Motor Functions. The subjects of this study were 13 spastic diplegia children who had difficulty in independent gait, and GMFCS level III, IV. We performed treadmill gait training using the principle of weight bearing, based on 4times a week for 30 minutes before and after each session physical therapy we gave weight bearing treadmill training 5 to 10 minutes, during 7 weeks(April 9, 2012~May 26, 2012) fittingly for the children's gait characteristics. In order to test how the weight bearing treadmill training affects spastic diplegia children's gross motor functions, we measured body mobility with Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). These data were collected before and after the experiment and analyzed through comparison. Data collected from the 13 spastic diplegia children the results were as follows. For evaluating with regard to change in body mobility, significant difference was observed between before and after the experiment in measured gross motor functions, which were crawling, kneeling, standing, walking, jumping and running(p<0.05). According to the results of this study, when gait training through motor learning was applied to spastic cerebral palsy children, it made significant changes in their body mobility. Accordingly, for the effective application of gait training through motor learning to cerebral palsy children, it is considered necessary to make research from different angle on how such training affects children's mobility, activity of muscles in the lower limbs, and gait characteristics.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.168-175
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• 2021

Goal of this study is to perform the correlation about Gross motor function, eating-drinking function, and oral motor function, to identify necessity for invervention of feeding disorders on severity of the function of children with cerebral palsy. Subjects were 61 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. The subject were evaluated for oral motor function, feeding function by GMFCS, EDACS, OMAS. The results of this study showed a significant correlation between gross motor function, eating and drinking functions, and oral motor functions. That is, the more severe the deterioration of the motor function, the lower the functional level of eating and drinking and oral motor function deterioration. In evaluating and treating the eating activity of children with cerebral palsy through this study, it seems necessary to check the eating and drinking function and oral motor function according to the gross motor function.