• Proceedings of the Turfgrass Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.5-8
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• 2011

This research was conducted to determine the effect of capillary rise interruption layer on the sand based growing media when growing Kentucky bluegrass under soil reclamation and saline water irrigation. Rootzone profile consists of three layers as top soil of 30 cm, 20 cm of capillary interruption layer and 10 cm of reclaimed paddy soil. Rootzone profile was packed in column pots. The top soil was a mixture of sand dredged up from Lake Bhunam Tae Ahn, Korea and peat at the ratio of 95:5 by volume. Bottom part of column was covered with plastic net and the pots were soaked into 5 cm depth saline water reservoir with salinity $3-5dsm^{-1}$. Kentucky bluegrass was installed by sod and irrigated using $2dSm^{-1}$ saline water(5.7mm $day^{-1}$)in 3days interval. The results showed that the largest accumulation of salt in the spring with ECe of $5.4dSm^{-1}$ and SAR34.0 in rootzone with out capillary rise interruption layer and ECe of $4.6dSm^{-1}$ and SAR8.24 at rootzone using gravel as capillary rise interruption layer material. Kentucky bluegrass grown in growing media with gravel as capillary rise interruption layer resulted in the average visual quality rate of 8.1and clipping dry weight of $24.8gm^{-2}$, while Kentucky bluegrass grown in the growing media with out capillary rise interruption layer showed the visual quality rate of 7.9 and clipping dry weight of $34g.m^{-2}$. Capillary rise interruption layer of gravel and coarses and enhanced the visual quality by 4.1and 4.0%, root length by 50 and 38%, and root dryweight by 35and 17% of Kentucky bluegrass, and reduced the accumulation of Na by 16% and 25%, ECe by 7% and 13% in the rootzone.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.597-607
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• 1995

1960년대 이후 인공호흡기(mechanical ventilator)의 보급과 최근 의료과학의 발달, 간호의 질적 향상의 결과로 저체중출생아를 포함한 고위험 신생아의 생존율이 높아져왔다. 호흡장애증후군(RDS)은 일차적으로 폐포의 완전한 확장을 위해 필요한 계면활성물질(surfactant)의 부족, 미발달된 심폐기능에 의한 병리적 현상으로 저체중아의 가장 큰 원인이 되어왔다. RDS로 인해 인공호흡기에 의존해 있는 저체중아의 경우 적절한 산소공급과 이를 위한 호흡의 유지는 치료의 가장 큰 핵심이 되며, 이를 위한 기관내 흑은 비인두 흡인 (nasopharyngeal suction)은 신생아 중환자실(NICU)의 가장 중요한 간호행위가 되어왔다. 인공호흡기를 위한 기관삽관은 그 자체가 기도의 성모운동을 방해하고 기침반사를 억제시켜 폐 분비물의 효과적 배출을 억제하며, 특히 저체중아의 경우 조산과 관련하여 미발달된 흥곽운등과 심폐기능은 폐분비물의 이동을 저해하는 요소이다. 따라서 기도내의 분비물의 이동을 효과적으로 하여 흡인 시에 최대한의 효과를 돕기 위해 흥곽 물리요법(chest physiotheraphy : CPT)의 한 형태인 흉곽진동법 (Chest Vibration : CV)가 행해져 왔다. 그러나 저체중아를 위한CV의 임상적 적용은 그 대상의 생리적 특성, CV의 적용부위(site)와 기간(duration)에 대한 과학적 근거 없이 만성감염이나 폐질환을 가진 성인이나 cystic fibrosis환자를 위한 CV protocol을 무분별하게 채택하여 저체중아에게 행하여져 왔다 이에 본 연구자는 저체중아에 대한 CV의 안전성을 평가하고, 이에 기초하여 저체중아에게 바람직한CV의 형태를 알아보고자 본 연구를 시작하였다. 연구설계는 CV의 안전성을 평가하기 위한 실험연구이다. CV의 안전성은 RDS치료의 가장 일차적 목표인 oxygenation변화에 의해 평가될 수 있으므로, 본 실험 연구에서는 Pulse oximeter에 의해 계속적으로 측정된 산소포화 변화(oxygen saturation change)를 측정하였다. 실험대상은 미국동부에 위치한 대학병원의 NICU에 입원하여 RDS와 관련된 호흡장애로 인공호흡기에 의존해 있는 10명의 저체중아였다. 인공호흡기에 의존된 모든 저체중아는 Pulse oximeter와 심폐기능 측정기(cardiopulmonary monitor)에 의해 산소공급과 호흡상태가 계속 측정되고 있었다. 실험대상의 평균 출생시 몸무게는 평균 1,3050gm(SD=580.6)이었고, 임신월령 은 평균 28.6주(SD=3.1)였다. RDS가 그들의 일차적 진단명이었고, 그중 4명은 pneumonia, atelectasis의 합병증을 가지고 있었다. 10명중 6명은 intermittent mandatory ventilation(IMV)의 형태로, 4명은 continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)의 형태로 인공호흡기에 의존되어 있었고 CV시의 FiO2는 평균 42.3(SD=21.2)였다. CV는 중환아용 소형진동기 (minivibrator)를 이용해 가각 10명 의 간호사에 의해 행하여 졌고, 최소 22초에서 최대 100초 동안 실시되었다. 50%의 간호사는 30초에서 40초간 CV를 실시하였으며, CV의 적용부위도, 전후 흉곽부위, 혹은 병변이 있는 좌 우측, 흑은 양쪽 흉벽 등으로 다양했고, 적용방법도 원형으로 돌려가며(circular motion), 혹은 아래에서 위로, 혹은 아무런 기준없이 간호사의 기호에 따라 다양하게 적용되었다. 산소포화의 변화는 CV가 행해지기 전.후로 5초동안 관찰되었다. 연구의 결과, 산소포화 변화는 비 모수통계(non parametric statistics)의 일종인 Matched Paired Wilcoxon test로 분석 한 결과 CV후에 3%의 감소를 보였다(P<.05). 저체중아에 있어 산소포화의 3%감소는 임상적으로 중요한 의미가 없다고 사료되어지며, 실제 흡인전의 과도호흡에 의해 CV를 행하기 이전의 산소공급수준으로 돌아 왔다. CV실시 기간과 산소포화와의 상관관계는 비 모수통계인 Spearman rho correlation coefficient를 이용하여 분석하였는데, 이 두 변수는 서로 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다(P>.05) 또한 CV와 흡인 후에 각각의 간호사들에게 CV를 필요로 한 저체중아의 기준, 적용부위, 기간, 방법등에 대한 기준을 물었으나 대상의 특성에 따른 간호사정에 의존하기보다는 간호사 각자의 선호하는 방법이나 습관에 라 행하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 CV와 산소포화 변화와의 관계, NICU에서 관찰된 CV의 임상적 적용을 기초로 저체중아에게 안전한 CV protocol은 신생아용 소형 진동기를 이용하여, 양쪽 흉곽의 늑골하측 변연 부위(low lateral costal margin)에서 시작하여 흉골 중앙부위 방향으로 30초 동안 진동기를 적용하는 것이 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 이에 CV의 효과를 평가하기 위한 보다 과학적인 접근방법으로, CV와 흡인의 결과인 가래(sputum)에 대한 연구를 제언하는 바이다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 1999

Purpose: Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN) is a renal disease which is characterized by glomerular proliferation and inflammatory changes due to immune reaction. Although the 95% of patients with APSGN seems to recover fully and present as benign course, the remaining patients show poor prognosis. Therefore comparative retrograde study between APSGN with and without nephrotic syndrome was done to find out the any prognostic indicator to predict the outcome in patients with APSGN. Methods: We had retrospectively analyzed seventy-one patients who were diagnosed as APSGN clinically from Mar.1989 to Feb.1999 in Yonsei university medical center. Sixty-four of the patients was APSGN without nephrotic syndrome(Group A) and seven patients were in APSGN with nephrotic syndrome(Group B). Results: Patients who were diagnosed as APSGN with nephrotic syndrome were seven(9.9%) out of seventy-one. In the comparative study, sex ratio was 1:1 in group A and 1.9: 1 in group B, onset mean age was $8.9{\pm}2.6$ in group A and $8.8{\pm}2.6$ in group B. Following clinical profiles were compared but there were no significant difference between these two groups: WBC count($9413{\pm}2964\;vs\;9368{\pm}2650(/mm^3)$), hemoglobin($10.6{\pm}1.2\;vs\;10.0{\pm}0.9(gm/dL)$), ASO($746.1{\pm}640.7\;vs\;614.9{\pm}475.9(IU/ml)$), $C_3(20.1{\pm}17.0\;vs\;16.9{\pm}13.1(mg/dL)$), $C_4(22.8{\pm}9.5\;vs\;22.6{\pm}6.9(mg/dL)$), BUN($25.8{\pm}26.1\;vs\;28.1{\pm}14.5(mg/dL)$), creatinin($0.8{\pm}0.3\;vs\;0.8{\pm}0.3(mg/dL)$), $C_{cr}(80.6{\pm}28.8{\pm}62.4{\pm}31.4(ml/min/1.73\;m^2$)), the duration of edma, gross hematuria, and hypertension. However, we found that there were a significant difference in the duration of proteinuria($1.95{\pm}2.27\;vs\;13.3{\pm}21.1(months)$)(P<0.05), decreased $C_3$ duration($1.9{\pm}2.9\;vs\;7.3{\pm}5.0(weeks)$)(P<0.05) and especially it was proloned according to the amount of early urine protein excretion. Conclusion: Our study showed markedly prolonged duration of proteinuria and decreased $C_3$ duration in patients with APSGN with nephrotic syndrome. We were not able to find the definite prognostic factor that will guide the outcome of patients with APSGN accompaning nephrotic syndrome, but above findings seemed to represent as a relative indication of the outcome of the disease. All patients recovered completely and we did not experience any cases that progressed into the renal failure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.58-71
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• 2015

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the classification system of chemical substances in the Occupational Safety and Health Act(OSHA) and Chemical Substances Control Act(CSCA) and to compare several health indices (i.e., Time Weighted Average (TWA), Lethal Dose ($LD_{50}$), and Lethal Concentration ($LC_{50}$) of chemical substances by categories in each law. Methods: The chemicals regulated by each law were classified by the specific categories provided in the respective law; seven categories for OSHA (chemicals with OELs, chemicals prohibited from manufacturing, etc., chemicals requiring approval, chemicals kept below permissible limits, chemicals requiring workplace monitoring, chemicals requiring special management, and chemicals requiring special heath diagnosis) and five categories from the CSCA(poisonous substances, permitted substances, restricted substances, prohibited substances, and substances requiring preparation for accidents). Information on physicochemical properties, health indices including CMR characteristics, $LD_{50}$ and $LD_{50}$ were searched from the homepages of the Korean Occupational and Safety Agency and the National Institute of Environmental Research, etc. Statistical analysis was conducted for comparison between TWA and health index for each category. Results: The number of chemicals based on CAS numbers was different from the numbers of series of chemicals listed in each law because of repeat listings due to different names (e.g., glycol monoethylether vs. 2-ethoxy ethanol) and grouping of different chemicals under the same serial number(i.e., five different benzidine-related chemicals were categorized under one serial number(06-4-13) as prohibited substances under the CSCA). A total of 722 chemicals and 995 chemicals were listed at the OSHA and its sub-regulations and CSCA and its sub-regulations, respectively. Among these, 36.8% based on OSHA chemicals and 26.7% based on CSCA chemicals were regulated simultaneously through both laws. The correlation coefficients between TWA and $LC_{50}$ and between TWA and $LD_{50}$, were 0.641 and 0.506, respectively. The geometric mean values of TWA calculated by each category in both laws have no tendency according to category. The patterns of cumulative graph for TWA, $LD_{50}$, $LC_{50}$ were similar to the chemicals regulated by OHSA and CCSA, but their median values were lower for CCSA regulated chemicals than OSHA regulated chemicals. The GM of carcinogenic chemicals under the OSHA was significantly lower than non-CMR chemicals($2.21mg/m^3$ vs $5.69mg/m^3$, p=0.006), while there was no significant difference in CSCA chemicals($0.85mg/m^3$ vs $1.04mg/m^3$, p=0.448). $LC_{50}$ showed no significant difference between carcinogens, mutagens, reproductive toxic chemicals and non-CMR chemicals in both laws' regulated chemicals, while there was a difference between carcinogens and non-CMR chemicals in $LD_{50}$ of the CSCA. Conclusions: This study found that there was no specific tendency or significant difference in health indicessuch TWA, $LD_{50}$ and $LC_{50}$ in subcategories of chemicals as classified by the Ministry of Labor and Employment and the Ministry of Environment. Considering the background and the purpose of each law, collaboration for harmonization in chemical categorizing and regulation is necessary.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.100-115
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide containing nerve fibers in rat pulp after dentinl injury by means of immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscope. The Spague-Dawley rats weighing about 250-300gm were used. The animals were devided into normal control and experimental groups. Experimental animals were sacrified 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 21days after dentinal injury (dentin cutting, and then acid etching with 35% phosphoric acid) on the maxillary molar teeth. The maxillary teeth and alveolar bone were removed and immersed in the 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), then were decalcified with 15% formic acid for 10 days. Serial frozen $50{\mu}m$ thick sections were cut on a cryostat. The rabbit CGRP antibody was used as a primary antibody with a dilution of 1:2000 in 0.01M PB. The sections were incubated for 48 hours at $4^{\circ}C$, and placed into biotinylated antirabbit Ig G as a secondary anti body with dilution of 1:200 in 0.01M PB and incubated in ABC(avidin-biotin complex). The peroxidase reaction was visualized by incubating the sections in 0.05% 3,3 diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride containing 0.02% $H_2O_2$. For the confocal laser scanning microscopic examination, Primary antibody reaction was same as immunoperoxidase stainning, but fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-conjugate antirabbit IgG as a secondary antibody was used. The confocal laser scanning microscope was used for the examination. A series of images of optical sections was collected with a 20x objective at $3{\mu}m$ intervals throughout the depth of specimen. FITC fluerescence was registrated through a 488nm and 568nm excitation filter, and images were saved on optical disk. The stereoscopic images and three dimentionnal images were reconstructed by computer software, and then were analyzed. The results were as follows : 1. In normal control group, CGRP containing nerve fibers were coursed through the root with very little branching, and then formed a dense network of terminals in coronal pulp. 2. A slight increase in CGRP containing nerve fibers at 1 and 2day postinjury was noted subjacent to the injury site. In the 4day group, there were an extensive increase in the number of reactive fibers, followed by a partial return toward normal levels at 7~10 day postinjury, and return by 21days. 3. The sprouting of the CGRP containing nerve fibers was evident within 2day after dentinal injury, and by 4days there was a maximal increased, but was decreased at 7days and returned to normal 10~21 day postinjury. 4. In confocal laser scanning microscopic exammination, the distinct distribution pattern and sprouting reaction of CGRP containing nerve fibers were observed in stereoscopic images and three dimentional images. These results suggest that CGRP containing nerve fiber can be important role in the response to dental injury and pain regulation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1968

Tissue homogenates of 12 kinds of human cancer tissues were incubated separately in medium containing $C^{14}-1-glucose$ and $C^{14}-6-glucose$ as a substrate in order to observe the oxidative pathway of glucose in the tumor tissues. At the end of 3 hours incubation in the Dubnuff metabolic shaking incubator, respiratory $CO_2$ samples trapped by alkaling which was placed in the center well of incubation flask were analysed for total $CO_2$ production rates and their radioactivities. The tissue homogenate samples after incubation were analyzed for their concentrations of glucose, lactate and pyruvate. Calculations were made on the glucose consumption rate and accumulation rates of lactate and pyruvate. Fractionation of oxidative pathway of glucose was carried out by calculating $C^{14}O_2 yields from C-1 and C-6 carbon of glucose. The following results were obtained. 1. In 12 kinds of human cancer, total $CO_2$ production rates were less than $8{\mu}M/gm$ except 2 cases. These lower values impressed that oxidative metabolism in the tumor tissues generally inhibited as compared with that in normal tissues. On the other hand, fractions of $CO_2$ derived from glucose to total $CO_2$ production rates (RSA) were less than 10% in every case. These facts showed that oxidation of glucose into $CO_2$ was remarkably inhibited in the tumor tissues. 2. Factions of glucose disappeared into $CO_2\;(RGD_{CO_2})$, lactate $(RGD_L)$, pyruvate $(RGD_P)$ to glucose consumption rates were as follows. $RGD_{CO_2}$ were less than 2% in cases of in this experiment and $RGD_L$ showed more than 5% except in 2 cases. These facts showed that anaerobic degradation of glucose into 3 carbon compounds was easily proceeded but further degradation into $CO_2$ via the TCA cycle was greatly inhibited resulting in accumulation of lactate. There are large variation in values of $RGD_P$ in different kinds of tumor tissue but relatively higher values in $RGD_{CO_2}$ were obtained in the tumor tissues as compared with those of normal tissues. 3. The oxidative pathway of glucose in tumor tissues were analyzed from the values of RSA which were obtained in $C^{14}-1\;and\;C^{14}-6-glucose$ incubation experiments. It was found that 3% of $CO_2$ derived from glucose were oxidized via the principal EMP-TCA cycle and the remainder were via alternate pathway such as HMP in the liver cancer and values in other cancer tissues were as follows; 4% in the tongue cancer, 6% in the colon cancer, 6% in the lung cancer, 9% in the stomach cancer, 11% in the ovarian cancer, 12% in the neck tumor, 22% in the uterine cancer, 22% in the bladder tumor, 32% in the spindle cell sarcoma and 65% in the brain tumor. These values except later 2 cases showed less than 30% which is the lowest value among the normal tissues. Even in the brain tumor in which showed highest value in the tumor group. It is reasonable to suppose that this fraction was remarkably decreased because values in normal brain tissue was more than 90%. From the above data, it was concluded that in tumor tissues, oxidation of glucose via TCA cycle was greatly inhibited but correlation between degree of inhibited oxidation of glucose via TCA cycle and malignancy of tumor were not clarified in this experiments.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.232-241
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• 1998

음주습관과 심혈관계 질환 위험요인사이의 관련성을 파악하기 위하여, 1996년 한국 경북에 있는 도시지역 한 철강회사에서 40-50대(40-59세) 남자 근로자 3444명으로부터 공복시 혈액을 10m1 채취하여 혈청지질, 혈당, Uric acid를 측정하고 신장, 체중, 혈압(10-20분 휴식후 측정)과 EKG를 측정하였다. 과거병력, 현재 건강상태, 음주량과 기간 및 음주종류를 포함한 생활습관, 흡연량/일, 운동시간/주 등의 설문지를 작성하였다. 알콜 소비량은 양-빈도의 Index에 의해 측정되었다. 한국 중년 남자에 대한 음주량, 음주기간, 알콜종류등에 따른 심혈관계 질환의 위험요인 유무 정도를 알아보기 위해, 비음주자를 기준으로하여 비교대상군은 금주자와 음주량(2군) 등에 의해 3군으로 분류하였으며, 음주기간에 따른 심혈관계 질환의 위험요인 유무정도를 알아보기 위해 비음주자을 기준으로하여 비교 대상군은 금주자와 음주기간(4군)에 따라 5군으로 분류하였다. 알콜종류에 따른 심혈관계 질환의 위험요인 유무정도를 알아보기 위해 비음주자을 기준으로하여 비교 대상군은 금주자와 음주알콜종류(3군)에 따라 4군으로 분류하였다. 심혈관계 질환 위험요인은 기준되는 범주를 2개(Table 1)로 분류하여 2*2표를 이용하여 odds ratio(dummy variable로 처리), ${\beta}$-coefficient와 표준오차를 이용해서 신뢰구간(95% C.I.)을 구하여 유의성 검정을 하였다. 금주자의 정의는 과거 3달 이상 술을 마시지 않는 사람을 말한다. 연구 집단의 평균 연령은 $44.4{\pm}3.9$세 이며, 비음주자는 649명으로 18.9%, 금주자는 70명(2.0%)이며 음주자는 2725명(79.1%)이다. 음주자중 에타놀 섭취를 평균 100.5g/주(median) 미만인 군은 1239명으로 연구집단 3444명중 35.7%이며, 평균 100.5g/주(median) 이상 음주군은 1276명으로 44.5%이었다. 3444명중 1532명(44.5%) 이 맥주와 소주를 섞어서 마시는 사람이었다. 음주 양에서, 연령, 흡연 양, 흡연 기간, 운동, 음주기간, 알콜종류 등을 통제하여 logistic regression한 결과, 비음주자에 비해 중정도 음주자(${\ge}$100.5gm/week ethanol)의 확장기 혈압의 Odds ratio는 1.33배로 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 다른 요인들은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 알콜종류에서도 연령, 흡연 양, 흡연 기간, 운동, 음주양, 음주기간, 등을 통제한, 비음주자에 비해 맥주와 소주를 섞어 마시는 음주자의 확장기 혈압의 Odds ratio는 1.38배로 유의하게 높았다(P<0.01). 다른 요인들은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 반면에 음주 습관 중 음주기간에서는 연령, 흡연양, 흡연 기간, 운동, 음주양, 알콜종류 등을 통제한 logistic regression 분석 결과 유의한 차이를 보인 것은 없었다. 그러나 음주기간과 심혈관계 질환 위험요인중 수축기와 확장기 혈압과의 관계는 J 모양을 나타내었다 . 수축기 혈압의 금주자군은 비차비가 1.0보다 약간 낮고(Odds ratio=0.88) 음주기간이 2-10년인 군의 Odds ratio=1.14, 음주기간이 11-20 년인군의 Odds ratio =1.18, 21년 이상인 군의 Odds ratio=1.20로 비음주자의 odds ratio=1에 비해 점차적으로 위험이 높아졌다. 확장기 혈압의 금주자군은 비차비가 1.0보다 약간 낮고(Odds ratio=0.91), 음주기간이 1년 이하인 군의 Odds ratio=1.18, 음주기간이 2-10 년인 군의 Odds ratio=1.23, 음주기간이 11-20 년인 군의 Odds ratio=1.27, 21년 이상인 군의 Odds ratio=1.27로 비음주자의 odds ratio=1에 비해 점차적으로 위험이 높아졌다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.513-520
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• 1994

Background: The pathogenesis of silicosis has been focused on the interaction between alveolar macrophages and silica particle. Although fibrosis in silicosis has been studied extensively, the mechanism is still not fully understood. There is increasing evidence that monokines and arachidonic acid metabolites macrophage are involved in pathogenesis of silicosis. Recently, it was reported that prostaglandin E2 produced from macrophage counteracts the stimulatory effects of other monokines on fibroblast proliferation or collagen production. Until now, it was remained uncertain by which mechanism silica particle may activate alveolar macrophage to an enhanced release of prostaglandin E2. Methods: In order to investigate the relationship between the activity of alveolar macrophage and the production of $PGE_2$ from activated alveolar macrophage, the authors measured hydrogen peroxide and $PGE_2$ from alveolar macrophages activated by silica in vitro and from alveolar macrophages in the silicotic nodules from rat. Experimental silicosis was induced by intratracheal infusion of silica($SiO_2$) suspended in saline(50 mg/ml) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Results: produced by 1) The silicotic nodules with fibrosis were seen from the sections of rat lung at 60 days after intratracheal injection with 50 mg aqueous suspension of silica(Fig. 1). 2) In vitro, silica caused the dose dependent increase of hydrogen peroxide(p<0.05, Fig. 2A) and $PGE_2$(p>0.05, Fig. 2B) release from alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages from rat with silicotic nodules released more hydrogen peroxide and $PGE_2$ than those of control group(p<0.05, Fig. 3). Conclusion: These results suggest that silica particle could activate macrophage directly and enhanced the release of $PGE_2$ and hydrogen peroxide from the alveolar macrophage.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.363-376
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• 1999

This study aims to demonstrate the effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on the ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver toxicated by carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$. A healthy male ICR mouse that weighted $27{\pm}2gm$ was used for experiment. The experimental group was divided into three groups; the group A; the pretreated group with chitosan oligosaccharide, the group B; the simultaneous group, the group C; treated only the $CCl_4$. The group A was simultaneously treated with chitosan oligosaccharide and $CCl_4$ after pretreated with chitosan oligosaccharide for 7 days. The group B injected $CCl_4$ and chitosan oligosaccharide to the intraperitoneal. The group C injected with only $CCl_4$ to the intraperitoneal. The results were as follow: In the group A, the nuclear membrane and the mitochondria were observed almost normal in shapes at overall the time. Some lamellae of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) destructed until 48 hours but ribosome attached. The destructed lamellae reformed at 72 hours but the smooth membrane vesicles not observed. The lysosomes observed at 72 hours. At 96 hours, all organelles showed in normal shapes. In the group B, changes of nuclear membranes were relatively lighter than group C. Mitochondria observed normal shape through the time. Parts of RER reformed the lamellae, other parts dilated inner cavity. And lipid droplet observed around the 24 hours. Glycogen and lysosome observed 48 hours and 72 hours, respectively. In the group C, nuclear membrane was irregular and nuclear cytoplasm condensed through the time. The lamellae of RER destructed from 24 to 96 hours. Smooth membrane vesicles observed in the cytoplasm at 48 ours. Mitochondria was less effected by toxic. And from the 24 hours, the variable sizes of lipid droplets observed in tile cytoplasm. These results suggest that chitosan oligosaccharide attenuates the toxic effect of the carbon tetrachloride in the mouse liver.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.57-74
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• 1971

The present investigation has been done to observe the ecological habits of field mice to protect the rice from damages during the growing season in paddy-field and during the storge period. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Of 155 mice captured in the period of April-November 1970, which belong to four genera (Apodemus, Cricetulus, Rattus, and Micromys), 148 mice(95%) were found as striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius coreae). The population density of striped field mouse was revealed by the present study as 55/ha, which is quite a low level compared with that in Japan of 900/ha. 2. The age distribution of the mice as judged by their body weight was found mainly composed of adult and the sex ratio was found to be 1.8 as determined with 147 individuals. The nest was found to be occupied by an adult and was composed of at least three openings and more than one food storage tunnels. The mice usually keep hulled rice rather than unhulled one in storage tunnel. The weight of food found in a nest was about 50 grams on an average. 3. The mice show a most active behaviour 1-2 hours after the sunset, around midnight, and an hour before the sunrise, but they are active even in daytime in order for searching for food and for breeding. 4. The ratio (%) of damage appeared in high stem of sweet corn in August was 30 ~ 40 percent, whereas that in low stem was 80 ~ 90 percent. The weight of spoiled grains in paddy-field was 11, 400gm/0.4ha and this gives an estimate of 349, 695 for whole country. 5. The female striped field mouse weighs average of about 30 grams and gives birth to average of 4.8 younglings which wean away from female mouse three weeks after delivery. 6. The natural enemies to the mice are found to be carnivores (weasel, cat, mountain cat, fox, raccoon, and otter), raptatores(eagle, owl, kete, buzzard), and snakes. Two kinds of field rats(Rattus norvegicus, Cricetulus tritor) are also the predator to the mice. 7. The feeding preference of striped field mice follows in decreasing order of sweet corn, soybean, sweet potatoes, chestnut, and wheat. The mice do not have a preference for barley, millet, rough millet, red bean, and green bean. 8. The starvation experiment, in which water alone was supplied, revealed that the mice in good physical and nutritional conditions survived for 71 ~ 79 hours, whereas those in worse conditions survived for only 32 ~ 39 hours.