• Atmosphere
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.393-402
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• 2018

This study investigated future changes in the Arctic permafrost features and related biogeochemical alterations under global warming. The Community Land Model (CLM) with biogeochemistry (BGC) was run for the period 2005 to 2099 with projected future climate based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario. Under global warming, over the Arctic land except for the permafrost region, the rise in soil temperature led to an increase in soil liquid and decrease in soil ice. Also, the Arctic ground obtained carbon dioxide from the atmosphere due to the increase in photosynthesis of vegetation. On the other hand, over the permafrost region, the microbial respiration was increased due to thawing permafrost, resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions. Methane emissions associated with total water storage have increased over most of Arctic land, especially in the permafrost region. Methane releases were predicted to be greatly increased especially near the rivers and lakes associated with an increased chance of flooding. In conclusion, at the end of $21^{st}$ century, except for permafrost region, the Arctic ground is projected to be the sink of carbon dioxide, and only permafrost region the source of carbon dioxide. This study suggests that thawing permafrost can further to accelerate global warming significantly.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.4095-4101
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• 2022

Following the climate-related disasters considered by several efforts, the nuclear capacity needs to double by 2050 compared to 2015. So, it is reasonable to investigate global warming incorporated with the fuzzy set theory for nuclear energy consumption in the aspect of fuzziness and nonlinearity of temperature variations. The complex modeling is proposed for the enhanced assessment of climate change where simulations indicate the degree of influence with the Boolean values between 0.0 and 1.0 in the designed variables. In the case of OIL, there are many 1.0 values between 20^th and 60^th months in the simulations where there are 10 times more for a 1.0 value in influence. Hence, the temperature variable can give the effective time using this study for 100 months. In the analysis, the 1.0 value in NUCLEAR means the highest influence of the modeling as the temperature increases resulting in global warming. In detail, the first influence happens near the 8th month and then there are four times more influences than effects in the early part of the temperature mitigation. Eventually, in the GLOBAL WARMING, the highest peak is around the 20^th month, and then it is stabilized.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2008

In order to find phenological change of butterflies due to global warming, we analyzed weekly monitoring data of butterfly at Gwangneung forest in 1958 and 2004. It was tested whether the timing of first flight and mean flight of butterflies in 2004 became earlier due to global warming compared with those in 1958 and whether the duration of flight period became longer. No significant difference was found in timing of first flight and in duration of flight period between 1958 and 2004. Furthermore, species showing delayed timing of mean flight was more abundant than species showing earlier timing of mean flight. Hence, the results do not confirm the predicted changes of phonology due to global warming. We discussed reasons on the non-apparent phenological changes despite the increase of temperature, and the problems and solutions in butterfly study on Korean butterfly fauna in utilization of butterflies as indicator for global warming.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.567-570
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• 2007

Recent changes of the climate, which caused by global warming, have much effect world-widely. Korea also has struggled with these kinds of weather problems, and construction industry couldn't get away with them, either. However, the research, regarding to these problems, has not been quite settled, yet. Therefore, this study is to find out how the global warming can affect construction periods. As a result, we could recognize that changes of climate, which caused by global warming, also affects non-working days, too. This study is expected to be used as the data to find out the relationship between weather changes and domestic construction industry in the future.

• Solar Energy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 1991

The greenhouse gases from fossil fuels and the global warming are discussed. In addition, a total clean energy system is conceptualized including the nuclear and renewable energies into a fossil fuel conversion stream to maintain the clean global environment while the increased energy demand is fulfilled.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.379-386
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• 2010

Impact of global warming on the ocean environment is reviewed based on most recently published publications. The most significant impact of global warming on marine environment is due to the melting of mountain and continental glaciers. Ice melting causes slow down and/or shut down of thermohaline circulation, and makes hypoxic environment for the first time, then makes anoxic with time. This can cause decreasing biodiversity, and finally makes global extinction of animals and plants. Furthermore, global warming causes sea-level rise, soil erosion and changes in calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD). These changes also can make marine ecosystem unstable. If we emit carbon dioxide at a current rate, the global mean temperature will rise at least $6^{\circ}C$ at the end of this century, as predicted by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). In this case, the ocean waters become acidic and anoxic, and the thermohaline circulation will be halted, and marine ecosystems collapsed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2009

Objectives : The objective of this review was to evaluate clinical trials of warming acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain diseases, to assess the methodologic quality of the trials and determine whether low-quality trials are associated with positive outcomes, to document adverse effects and to identify the effectiveness of the warming acupuncture. Methods : Seven databases and the Journal ZHONGGUO ZHENJIU(中國鍼灸) published between 2004－2008 were searched. Korean and Chinese randomized trials were evaluated for methodologic quality using the modified Jadad scale. Outcome measurements were pain, function and global improvement. The best-evidence synthesis was performed to determine the strength of evidence by control group. Results : Six clinical trials representing 564 patients with musculoskeletal pain diseases were identified. For pain and function, there was moderate evidence that warming acupuncture is more effective than manual acupuncture. For patient global assesment, there was limited evidence that warming acupuncture is more effective than manual acupuncture. However, for function, there was inconclusive evidence that warming acupuncture is more effective than acupuncture with TDP or western medicine or acupoint-injection treatment. Conclusions : The evidence suggests that warming acupuncture is more effective for musculoskeletal pain diseases than manual acupuncture, acupuncture with TDP, western medicine and acupoint-injection treatment. But the evidence is moderate to inclusive due to the low methodologic quality of the trials. Further clinical trials with high methodologic quality is required to investigate the effectiveness of warming acupuncture.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.273-291
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• 2013

Dinoflagellate species composition has changed around Jeju Island as well as in Korean waters due to global warming and climate changes. An investigation was conducted to monitor changes in planktonic dinoflagellates around Jeju Island from June 2006 to September 2009. A total of 86 species belonging to 14 families and 15 genera were identified, of which 34 species were newly recorded in Korean waters. Among the newly recorded species, >20 were confirmed as tropical species. Thus, the occurrence of such tropical dinoflagellates could be an indicator to monitor of environmental changes including global warming around Jeju Island and in Korean waters.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.755-765
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• 2011

Nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) is one of six greenhouse gases listed up in the Kyoto Protocol, and it effects a strong global warming because of its much greater global warming potential (GWP), by 310 times over a 100-year time horizon, than $CO_2$. Although such $N_2O$ emissions from both natural and anthropogenic sources occur, the latter can be controlled using suitable abatement technologies, depending on them, to reduce $N_2O$ below acceptable or feasible levels. This paper has extensively reviewed the anthropogenic $N_2O$ emission sources and their related compositions, and the state-of-the-art non-catalytic and catalytic technologies of the emissions controls available currently to representative, large $N_2O$ emission sources, such as adipic acid production plants. Challengeable approaches to this source are discussed to promote establishment of advanced $N_2O$ emission control technologies.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.219-222
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• 2009

Green ocean is one of the main issues internationally. Most governments are leading the role in boosting the economy through creating new green market and establishing system of coping with increasing international environmental regulation. Green ocean, which is a solution for the environmental issue of global warming, is applied throughout the industry. Domestic transportation industry including railway is also developing technology for creating green ocean. Transportation must decrease energy consumption at running stages because it shows high environmental loads expecially on using stages during its life cycle. Therefore, There are some tries for developing technologies; new engine through alternative energies, hybrid and lightweight. Railway transportation can not be exception. it is intended for this paper to suggest the direction of manufacturing environmentally friendly railway vehicle through the global warming effect evaluation of several materials being applied to vehicle and comparison of the results.