• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.91-122
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• 2006

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the Jangwon-Dan,(JWD) on Alzheimer's disease. Method : The effects of the JWN extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA, the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Result : 1. The JWN extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-1 cells treated with LPS. 2. The JWN extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. The JWN extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 4. For the JWN extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 5. The JWN extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, and CD68/GFAP, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 6. The JWN extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. Conclusion : These results suggest that the JWN extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the JWN extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-57
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• 2006

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the CMT and MCMT on Alzheimer‘s disease. Methods : The effects of the CMT and MCMT extract on (1) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (2) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, GFAP, CD68 abd CD11b; (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : 1. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 2. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. For the CMT and MCMT extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, GFAP, CD68 abd CD11bCD68/GFAP, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 5. The CMT and MCMT extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ 6. The MCMT showed more excellent effects than CMT in the every experiments except PC-12 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that the CMT and MCMT extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the CMT and MCMT extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-139
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• 2004

This research investigates the effect of the Hibiscus syriacus(HSS) on Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the effects of the HSS extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (3) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (4) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, and reactive oxygen species(ROS); (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The results were summarized below ; 1. The HSS extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-l cells treated with LPS. 2. The HSS extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. The HSS extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 4. For the HSS extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 5. The HSS extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, CD68/GFAP, ROS in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 6. The HSS extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. These results suggest that the HSS extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the HSS extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2006

Schwann cell, one of important components of peripheral nervous system, interact with neurons to mutually support the growth and replication of embryonal nerves and to maintain the different functions of adult nerves. The Ara-C, known as an antimitotic agent, have been used to have high effectiveness in eliminating fibroblasts during Schwann cell culture period. This enrichment effect is also known to be cummulative with each successive pulse of Ara-C applied and is due to a progressive loss of fibroblasts. But the cytotoxicity by Ara-C is also cummulative and noticeable over the period. To determine the most effective application time and interval of Ara-C in the Schwann cell culture, we observed the Schwann cell purity and density with the Ara-C treatment in plain and three-dimensional culture from dorsal root ganglion of new born rat. By culturing dispersed dorsal root ganglia, we can repeatedly generate homogenous Schwann cells, and cellular morphology and cell count with mean percentages were evaluated in the plain culture dishes and in the immunostainings of S-100 and GFAP in the three-dimensional culture. The Ara-C treated cultures showed a higher Schwann cell percentage (31.0%${\pm}$8.09% in P4 group to 65.5%${\pm}$24.08% in P2 group), compared with that obtained in the abscence of Ara-C (17.6%${\pm}$6.03%) in the plain culture after 2 weeks. And in the three-dimensional culture, S-100 positive cells increased to 56.22%${\pm}$0.67% and GFAP positive cells to 66.46%${\pm}$1.83% in G2 group (p<0.05), higher yield than other groups with Ara-C application. Therefore, we concluded that the Ara-C treatment is effective for the proliferation of Schwann cells contrast to the fibroblasts in vitro culture, and the first application after 24 hours from cell harvesting and subsequent 2 pulse treatment (P2 group in plain culture and G2 group in three-dimensional culture) was more effective than other application protocols.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.19-39
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• 2008

Objectives : It has been reported that CG was effective in decreasing injury to neural tissues. To investigate neural responses in the injured spinal cord, an extract of CG was examined to determine its effect on neural responses in the injured spinal cords of rats. Methods : After CG treatment was applied to the spinal cord of rats given a contusion injury, the re-growth responses of injured neural tissues and corticospinal tract axons was observed by measuring the number of GAP-43, Cdc2, and phospho-Erk1/2 proteins, CST axons, GFAP-stained astrocytes, and Glial scarring in the injured spinal cord. Results : Levels of GAP-43, Cdc2, and phospho-Erk1/2 proteins were found to have increased in the injured spinal cord region. The number of GFAP-stained astrocytes also increased within and around the injury cavity. Glial scarring, which was identified by CSPG immunofluorescence staining, was reduced by CG treatment. Anterograde tracing by Dil dye showed that the elongation of the CST axons in the dorso-medial white matter area was almost completely prevented at the injury site. Collateral sprouting was observed in the spinal cord rostrally close to the injury site, and CG treatment further increased axonal arborization in the corresponding region. In vivo migration of CST axons and astrocytes using an implanted polymer tube system showed more of an increase in enhanced migration of axons and astrocytes in CG-treated group compared to the injury control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that CG activated neural responses - including astrocyte migration - and promotes axonal regenerative activity in the injured spinal cord area.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.9-16
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• 2020

Objective : To identify the effects of the water extract of Liriope platyphylla tuber (Liriopis tuber, LT) on the activation of astocytes, we investigated the regulatory effects of LT extract on H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in C6 rat astrocytes. Methods : LT extract was extracted with boiling water. C6 cell line were treated with LT extract at 1, 2, and 3 mg/㎖ or without for 30 min and then stimulated with H₂O₂ at 5 ㎛ for 24 hr. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), catalase, Akt, phospho-Akt (p-Akt) phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), and protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) proteins were determined by Western blot, respectively. GFAP expression was also observed with immunocytochemistry under a fluorescence microscope. Results : LT extract induced cell proliferation in H₂O₂-stimulated C6 cells. LT extract significantly inhibited the expression of GFAP, NF-κB and COX-2 and increased the expression of HO-1 and the phosphorylation of STAT3 in H₂O₂-stimulated C6 cells. LT extract also significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and decreased the expression of PKCα in a dose-dependent manner in H₂O₂-stimulated C6 cells. Conclusions : LT extract can regulate H₂O₂-induced activation of astrocytes through inhibiting the expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and regulating Akt / HO-1, STAT3 or PKCα signaling pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2020

Background: Neuropathic pain (NP) is considered a clinically incurable condition despite various treatment options due to its diverse causes and complicated disease mechanisms. Since the early 2000s, multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been used in the treatment of NP in animal models. However, the effects of hMSC injections have not been studied in chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) mice models. Here, we investigated whether intrathecal (IT) and intrapaw (IP) injections of hMSCs can reduce mechanical allodynia in CPIP model mice. Methods: Seventeen CPIP C57/BL6 mice were selected and randomized into four groups: IT sham (n = 4), IT stem (n = 5), IP sham (n = 4), and IP stem (n = 4). Mice in the IT sham and IT stem groups received an injection of 5 μL saline and 2 × 10⁴ hMSCs, respectively, while mice in the IP sham and IP stem groups received an injection of 5 μL saline and 2 × 10⁵ hMSCs, respectively. Mechanical allodynia was assessed using von Frey filaments from pre-injection to 30 days post-injection. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were also evaluated. Results: IT and IP injections of hMSCs improved mechanical allodynia. GFAP expression was decreased on day 25 post-injection compared with the sham group. Injections of hMSCs improved allodynia and GFAP expression was decreased compared with the sham group. Conclusions: These results suggested that hMSCs may be also another treatment modality in NP model by ischemia-reperfusion.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.97-117
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• 2005

This research investigates the effect of the Chaenomelis fructus(CMF) on Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the effects of the CMF extract on (1) >$IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (3) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (4) the behavior of AD mice with ${\beta}A$; (5) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, and ROS; (6) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The CMF extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-1 cells treated with LPS. 2. The CMF extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. The CMF extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 4. A significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown on the CMF extract group of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 5. The CMF extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, CD68/GFAP, and ROS in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 6. The CMF extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer’s disease induced by ${\beta}A$. These results suggest that the CMF extract may be effective for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the CMF extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2009

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a common white matter lesion affecting the neonatal brains. PVL is closely associated with cerebral palsy (CP). It has been suggested that maternal or placental infection can induce damage to the neonatal brains. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill running and swimming of rat pups on the GFAP and MBP expressions in the brains of rat pups with maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CP. The rats were divided into the six groups for experiment 1: the control group, the control with mild exercise group, the control with moderate exercise group, the LPS-treated group, the LPS-treated with mild exercise group, and the LPS-treated with moderate exercise group (n=6 in each group). The rats in the running groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min 5 times a week for 4 weeks. For experiment 2, the rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the LPS-treated group, the LPS-treated with swimming group, and the LPS-treated with treadmill running group (n = 5 in each group). The rats in the swimming group were made to swim for 30 min once a day for 5 times per week during 2 weeks. The rats in the treadmill running group were made to run for 30 min once a day for 5 times per week during 2 weeks. The present results showed that intracervical maternal LPS injection during pregnancy significantly increased GFAP expression in the striatum and significantly decreased MBP expression in the corpus callosum of rat pups. The present results also showed that treadmill running and swimming significantly suppressed GFAP expression and significantly enhanced MBP expression in the brains of rat pups with maternal LPS-induced CP. This effect of treadmill running was shown as equally both in the mild-intensity exercise and in the moderate-intensity exercise. The present study revealed that exercise, both the treadmill running and swimming, is effective for the treatment of astrogliosis and hypomyelination associated with CP. Here in this study, we showed that treadmill running and swimming are effective for alleviating the detrimental effects of CP.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.53-53
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• 1996