• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to investigate physical characteristics, food habits of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellites(GDM). The subjects were consecutive pregnant women, 21 GDM and 43 non-GDM controls who received antenatal care at the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic. There were no significant difference in the mean age between the two groups(GDM:30.8years, non-GDM:30.5years). Significant differences were observed in several anthropometric characteristics such as height(GDM:159.7cm, non-GDM:162.3cm), prepregnancy weight(GDM:61.6kg, non-GDM:54.1kg), body mass index(GDM:23.9kg/$m^2$, non-GDM:20.5kg/$m^2$), and triceps skin fold thicknesses(GDM:30.9mm, non-GDM:24.7mm) between the two groups. The GDM group had an high incidence of(52.4%) family history of diabetes mellitus than those of control group(23.3%). In the GDM group, more irregularities of meals and more bed-time snacking were observed than those of control group. The intake amount of carbohydrates as well as the total energy were significantly higher in the GDM group when thery were compared with the control. These results suggest that the GDM women in Korea do exhibit clearly distinctive anthropometric and dietary characteristics. Nutritional management such as weight control before conception and throughout pregnancy, monitoring total energy and carbohydrate intakes, and implementing more rigorous meal scheduling might be beneficial for the prevention or reduction of the prevalence of the GDM or its complications. (Korean J nutrition 34(2):158~164, 2001)

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness(ASFT) and maternal gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) measured by ultrasound at period of pregnancy. We compared maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and weight gain during pregnancy in 286 pregnant women who were diagnosed with early pregnancy ASFT and high GDM screening test(50 g OGTT) of more than 140 mg/dL. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the cut-off value of ASFT for GDM prediction. Maternal age and weight gain during pregnancy were not related to GDM in the mid-trimester and pre-pregnancy body mass index and earely pregnancy ASFT were significantly different between normal and GDM high risk groups. The cut-off value of ASFT for GDM prediction was 2.23 cm(AUC 0.913. Sensitivity 76.19%, Specificity 93.72%). ASFT measured by ultrasound in early pregnancy was useful as an important index for predicting mid-trimester GDM prediction. Therefore, ASFT can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic index for early recognition of GDM.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.239-243
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• 2012

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a complex metabolic disorder of pregnancy that is suspected to have a strong genetic predisposition. It is associated with poor perinatal outcome, and both GDM women and their offspring are at increased risk of future development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). During the past several years, there has been progress in finding the genetic risk factors of GDM in relation to T2DM. Some of the genetic variants that were proven to be significantly associated with T2DM are also genetic risk factors of GDM. Recently, a genome-wide association study of GDM was performed and reported that genetic variants in CDKAL1 and MTNR1B were associated with GDM at a genome-wide significance level. Current investigations using next-generation sequencing will improve our insight into the pathophysiology of GDM. It would be important to know whether genetic information revealed from these studies could improve our prediction of GDM and the future development of T2DM. We hope further research on the genetics of GDM would ultimately lead us to personalized genomic medicine and improved patient care.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.120-131
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Low early pregnancy serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels can increase gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, although inconsistent findings related to that association have been reported. This study examined the association of serum vitamin D with GDM and the possible influencers on this association. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 259 pregnant women within the Seremban Cohort Study (SECOST). Blood samples at < 14 weeks of gestation were drawn to determine serum 25(OH)D levels. GDM diagnosis was made at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation using a standard procedure. Association between serum vitamin D and GDM was tested using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Nearly all women (90%) had mild (68.3%) or severe (32.2%) vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Non-GDM women with mild VDD had a significantly higher mean vitamin D intake than GDM women with mild VDD (t = 2.04, p < 0.05). Women with higher early pregnancy serum vitamin D levels had a greater risk of GDM. However, this significant association was only identified among those with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in women with a body mass index indicating overweight or obese status. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of VDD in this sample of pregnant women underscores the need for effective preventive public health strategies. Further investigation of this unexpected association between serum vitamin D level and GDM risk in predominantly VDD pregnant women and the potential effects of adiposity and family history of T2DM on that association is warranted.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2008

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance discovered or onset during pregnancy and attention is needed because of increased risk of perinatal morbidties and higher incidence of diabetes afterward. This study was performed to identify dietary factors associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Developed food frequency questionnaire containing 192 food items were used to assess nutritional status of 246 control subjects and 104 GDM subjects. Food habits of subjects were examined in the questionnaire. The more irregularity and less variety of meal were found in GDM group compared to control group and GDM group tended to eat rapidly and do not like vegetables and greasy foods. Total score of food habits in GDM was lower than control group, which suggests that GDM group have undesirable food habits. Mean daily energy and carbohydrate intakes of GDM group were higher than those of control group, and percent energy from protein was significantly higher in control. Nutrient density of protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin BI of GDM group was significantly lower than those of control group. Therefore dietary quality of GDM group was lower than that of control group. Odds ratio for GDM was high when energy and carbohydrate intakes were high. And when the intakes of rice, noodle, shiruduk, hamburger, boiled egg, steamed pork shank were high, the odds ratio for GDM was high. These results indicate that the amount and frequencies of several foods and dish items were related with the occurrence of GDM subjects. On the whole, GDM subjects consumed more cereals and less vegetables and less legumes. From these results, pregnant women with GDM tended to have unhealthy food habits, and carbohydrate intake was important dietary factors on the onset of GDM.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

Thirteen healthy control, 13 pre-eclamptic, 7 diabetic(DM) and 12 gestational diabetic(GDM) pregnant women participated in a study ofthe interrelationships between the levels of protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and copper in urine. Urinary protein, magnesium and copper levels were significantly higher (p<0.0005, p<0.0003, p<0.005 respectively) in pre-eclamptic women than those of control, DM and GDM women. Urinary zinc excretion in pre-eclamptic women (1.61 mg/g creatinine) was higher than that of DM women (0.81mg/g creatinine); urinary zinc losses of control and GDM women were wre between the other two rups. The GDM women excreted significantly ore phosphorus in their urine in comparison to control and preeclamptic women (p<0.02), but this was not seen in DM women. Among the DM women, urinary protein excretion was positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin(r=0.940) and fasting blood glucose concentration (r=0.889). Urinary zinc excretion also was correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (r=0.853) and fasting blood glucose (r=0.956). In the GDM and pre-eclamptic women there were also significant correlations between urinar calcium and magnesium (r=0.857, r=0.749 respectively) and between urinary protein and copper(r=0.638, r=0.778 respectively).

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.96-108
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for developing a program for effective education about GDM(Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) by investigating the knowledge and learning needs of pregnant women about GDM. The subjects were 192 pregnant women who visited obstetrical clinics for prenatal care. The data were collected from October, 1998 to December, 1999, using a 50-item questionnaire(knowledge ; 30 items, learning needs ; 20 items), and analyzed by SAS program for t-test, ANOVA, Ducan test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows. 1. The knowledge level about GDM 1) Pregnant women had very little knowledge(total means ; 15.1 of 30.0) about GDM. 2) Pregnant women more than 30 years old, pregnant women from Seoul, and pregnant women who had more than a bachelor's degree were more knowledgeable about GDM. 3) Pregnant women who didn't experience spontaneous abortions, pregnant women who had DM(Diabetes Mellitus) patients in their families, and pregnant women who received education about DM were more knowledgeable about GDM. 4) Pregnant women knew very well that GDM women have more maternal and fetal complications than normal pregnant women. Although they were knowledgeable about the importance and ways of controlling blood glucose level, they knew very little about the causes, symptoms, or management of hypoglycemia. 2. The learning needs about GDM 1) Pregnant women had high learning needs (total means ; 85.0 of 100.0) about GDM. 2) The learning needs of pregnant women who had more than a bachelor's degree and pregnant women who earned less than two million won in monthly income were higher than that of other groups. 3) Pregnant women had high learning needs about the health of their baby and themselves, but their learning needs related to weight control and exercise-things that play important roles in controlling blood glucose level-were relatively low. As a result of the above findings, a systemic and individualized program is required for pregnant women and GDM patients, In addition to that, further studies that investigate the effects of education and retention of learning obtained by education are required in the near future.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.180-187
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare breast milk minerals between mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy mothers. Methods: This study was a short-term prospective study to determine the difference in milk minerals of 30 GDM mothers and 30 healthy mothers. Mineral concentrations in breast milk were measured for Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P. The first breast milk was collected on the 5th day after childbirth, while the second one was collected on the 14th day. For the variation of mineral content of breast milk over time between groups, generalized estimation equations were used. Results: The mean age of the GDM group and healthy mother group was 32.56 and 31.17 years old, respectively. Na was significantly higher in GDM mother group (Wild 𝛘²=4.35, p=.037) over time (Wild 𝛘²=21.59, p<.001), and Ca was significantly higher in healthy mother group (Wild 𝛘²=1.77, p=.018) over time (Wild 𝛘²=19.09, p<.001). Mg, P, and K showed a significant difference in time (Wild 𝛘²=18.12, p<.001; Wild 𝛘²=7.73, p=.005; Wild 𝛘²=7.10, p=.008). P was significantly higher in GDM mother group on 5th day of delivery (t=2.08, p=.042). Conclusion: There was a difference in the mineral composition of breast milk between GDM mothers and healthy mothers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and apply intervention programs such as effective prenatal blood sugar management and postpartum breast massage considering the characteristics of GDM mothers.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.274-284
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and characteristics of health care programs for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Korea. Methods: This study was conducted according to the Cochrane Collaboration's systematic literature review handbook and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline. We searched eight international and domestic electronic databases for relevant studies. Two reviewers independently selected the studies and extracted data. For each study, information on the research method, participants, characteristics of the program, and results were extracted using a previously established coding table. The National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency's risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomized studies was used to assess the risk of bias of the included articles. A qualitative review of the selected studies was performed because the interventions differed considerably and the measured outcomes varied. Results: Out of 128 initially identified papers, seven were included in the final analysis. The risk of bias was evaluated as generally low. Health care programs for pregnant women with GDM showed positive effects on blood glucose control. Anxiety and depression were reduced, and self-management and self-care behavior, self-efficacy, and maternal identity improved. Conclusion: Our study provides clinical evidence for the effectiveness of health care programs for pregnant women with GDM, and its results can be used to support the development of health care programs for GDM. More well-designed research is needed on GDM, especially studies that deal with emotional stress and apply a family-oriented approach.

• CELLMED
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.12.1-12.5
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• 2021

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become one of the major public health problems for both mothers and children globally. Internationally, the frequency of excess weight and obesity has risen dramatically in women of childbearing age. There seems to be a greater risk of having GDM in overweight or obese women, resulting in problems during pregnancy, birth and neonatal development. Hospital management is a problem for obese pregnant females with GDM and places extra burdens on the healthcare sector. GDM can result in possible risks to the wellbeing of the mother, fetus, and infant, as well as clinically significant negative effects on the mental health of the mother. For females and their developing babies, diabetes may cause problems during pregnancy. Unsatisfactory diabetes control enhances the risk of complications and other birth related issues during pregnancy. It may also cause a woman to suffer severe complications. Numerous maternal and fetal effects are associated with GDM and multiple detection and management methods are also pursued globally in order to reduce the burden of health. An overview of gestational diabetes treatment is given in this review.