• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2012

Cultural heritages emit volatile organic compounds(VOCs) during degradation as chemical, biological factors. These VOCs in the atmosphere are degradation factors for another materials. But non-destructive organic analysis methods are uncommon, and have difficulties for field application. In this study, solid phase micro-extraction(SPME) and gas chromatography( GC) are carried out for analysis of VOCs which are emitted from leather, and prove SPME field holder's efficiency. I analize leather archival objects at The National Archives of Korea by cross-checking GC and SPME methods. It could be confirmed that the compounds are (E)-2-nonenal, butyl hydroxy toluene emitted itself from leather.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.372-378
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• 2003

The volatile components of cinnamon bark were extracted by using different isolation methods, simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME). Then the volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC) and mass selective detector(MSD). 30 compounds were identified in cinnamon bark. In SPME technique, several factors influencing the equilibrium of the aroma compounds between sample and SPME fiber was taken into account, including the kind of SPME fiber, extraction temperature and extraction time. Four different SPME fibers were tested, namely polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), poly acrylate(PA), divinyl- benzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) and carbowax/divinylbenzene(CW/DVB). Among these SPME fiber, PDMS coating fiber showed the best results. The profile of volatile compounds of cinnamon bark at different extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated by 100$\mu\textrm{m}$ PDMS fiber.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.695-701
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• 2005

Efficient method was established for analysis of sulfur-containing compounds, including dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 3-methyl thiophene, allyl mercaptan, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, and methional. Sulfur-containing compounds were extracted through solid phase microextraction (SPME) or static headspace extraction (SH), and quantified using gas chromatograph equipped with pulsed flame photometric detector. All sulfur compounds, except ally mercaptan, showed higher detection response when dissolved in hexane than in dichloromethane. Linear range was $10^2-10^4$. Dimethyl trisulfide showed lowest limit of detection (LOD) value of 15.2 ppt, and methional highest of 70.5 ppb. Highest extraction efficiency for sulfur-containing compounds, particularly polar and small molecular weight compounds, was observed in 75mm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber, followed by 65mm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene and 100mm polydimethylsiloxane. Compared to SPME, less sulfur-containing compounds could be analyzed by SH, mainly due to its low extraction efficiency, although lower amount of artifacts were formed during sample preparation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.246-253
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• 2007

Mineral and volatile flavor compounds of Pimpinella brochycarpa N., a perennial Korean medicinal plant of the Umbelliferae family, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and simultaneous steam distillation extract (SDE)-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS), head space solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME)-GC/MS. Mineral contents of the stalks and leaves were compared and the flavor patterns of the fresh and the shady air-dried samples were obtained by the electronic nose (EN) with 6 metal oxide sensors. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out using the data obtained from EN. The 1st principal values of the fresh samples have + values and the shady air-dried have - values. The essential oil extracted from the fresh and the shady air-dried by SDE method contain 58 and 31 flavor compounds. When HS-SPME method with CAR/PDMS fiber and PDMS fiber were used, 34 and 21 flavor compounds. The principal volatile components of Pimpinella brachycarpa N. were ${\alpha}$-selinene, germacrene D, and myrcene.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.229-230
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• 2001

휘발성이 큰 많은 종류의 유기물질들이 대기오염물질로서 존재하고 있어 이에 대한 환경규제가 강화되고 있다. 이러한 유해 유기물질들은 ppb의 매우 낮은농도에서도 유해성을 갖고 있어 이를 분석하기 위한 공인된 분석방법은 모두 농축과정을 사용하고 있다. 캐니스터을 이용한 저온농축법과 흡착관을 이용한 농축법이 일반적으로 사용되고 있는데 이러한 농축방법은 고가의 농축장치를 필요로 하므로 이러한 유해물질의 측정이 보편화되는데 장애가 되고 있다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.348-349
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• 2001

휘발성유기화합물 (VOCs)은 복잡 다양한 발생원에서 배출되고 있다. 1990년에 개정된 미국 공기청정법 (US Clean Air Act Amendments, CAAA)에서는 총 189개의 화합물을 인간환경에 유해한 유해 대기 오염물질 (HAP, hazordous air pollutants)로 분류하고 있다 (MacKensie, A.R 등, 1991). 이 중 미국 EPA에서는 유해 대기오염물질로서 43개의 VOCs를 정하여, TO-14 화합물로서 일컫고 있다 (허귀석, 1999). (중략)

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.414-422
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• 2010

In forensic examinations of question document, analysis about inks components and the dating of ink entries is often of considerable importance and forensic examination of inks is principally concerned with the classification and comparison of chemically complex mixtures. The authenticity about inks analysis of a questioned document may be examined through the analysis of inks used to TLC, HPLC/MS, GC/MS, LDI/MS. We collected 56 difference types of black ballpoint pen inks manufactured from 5 country groups. We identified major 6 species volatile organic components (VOCs), ethylbenzene ($0.089-0.244\;{\mu}g$/mL), o-xylene ($0.072-0.331\;{\mu}g$/mL), m,p-xylene ($0.062-0.318\;{\mu}g$/mL), benzene ($0.003-0.173\;{\mu}g$/mL), 1,1-dichloroethylene ($0.003-0.295\;{\mu}g$/mL), toluene ($0.007-0.484\;{\mu}g$/mL) using HS-SPME GC/MS. The results of this study indicated that determined VOCs of black ballpoint pen inks could make a discriminating tool of inks analysis for forensic question document and can supply methodology for classification and identification of between ballpoints pen inks.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.61-67
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• 2010

In this study, Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with GC/FID was studied as a possible alternative to liquid-liquid extraction for the analysis of chlorinated solvents (PCE and TCE) and these by-products (cis-DCE, VC, and Ethylene). Experimental parameters affecting the SPME process (such as kind of fibers, adsorption time, desorption time, volume ratio of sample to headspace, salt addition, and magnetic stirring) were optimized. Experimental parameters such as CAR/PDMS, adsorption time of 20 min, desorption time of 5 min at $250^{\circ}C$, headspace volume of 50mL, sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of 25% combined with magnetic stirring were selected in optimal experimental conditions for analysis of chlorinated solvents and these by-products. The general affinity of analytes to CAR/PDMS fiber was high in the order PCE>TCE>cis-DCE>VC>Ethylene. The linearity of $R^2$ for chlorinated solvents and these by-products was from 0.912 to 0.999 when analyte concentrations range from $10{\mu}g/L$ to $500{\mu}g/L$, respectively. The relative standard deviation (% RSD) were from 2.1% to 3.6% for concentration of $500{\mu}g/L$ (n=5), respectively. Finally, the limited of detection (LOD) observed in our study for chlorinated solvents and these by-products were from $0.5{\mu}g/L$ to $10{\mu}g/L$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.339-344
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• 2005

Volatile compounds, isolated from Elsholtzia splendens using simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Twenty-nine compounds, comprising 3 aldehydes, 7 alcohols, 11 hydrocarbons, 5 ketones, and 3 miscellaneous ones, were tentatively identified from volatile compounds of Elsholtzia splendens flowers. From leaves, 30 compounds, comprising 3 aldehydes, 6 alcohols, 11 hydrocarbons, 6 ketones, and 11 miscellaneous ones, were tentatively identified. Volatile compounds extracted by HS-SPME in E. splendens flowers were 3 alcohols, 18 hydrocarbons, 3 ketones, and 2 miscellaneous ones. In leaves, 31 compounds, comprising 7 alcohols, 15 hydrocarbons, 7 ketones, and 2 miscellaneous ones, were tentatively identified. Major volatile compounds identified by SDE and HS-SPME were naginataketone and elsholtziaketone, which were identified as aroma-active compounds, representing characteristic aroma of E. splendens.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.299-306
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• 2013

Pyroligneous liquor as a byproduct from charcoal production of bamboo sprout produced damyang-gun has the broad benefits such as improvement of soil quality, plant growth control and is mainly used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, fungi and many other skin diseases. In this study, flavor compounds of pyroligneous liquor from bamboo sprout produced in Damyang-gun were analyzed and compared using three different methods including direct analysis (DA), headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). Simultaneously, the analytical conditions of GC-MS for the determination of volatile compounds were optimized. Based on volatile organic compounds detected by GC-MS, SBSE and SPME methods showed higher sensitivity than direct analysis. Major compounds of pyroligneous liquor were cresol, guaiacol, p-ethyl guaiacol and syringol. These phenolic compounds are reported as the useful chemicals with medicinal activity.