• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.244-249
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• 2012

Angelica acutiloba is one of the most intensively cultivated medicinal plants in Korea. The roots of this plant have been used as an important herbal drug, especially for the treatment of various female disorders, as the traditional therapy in Korea and other Asian countries. Consumption of its fresh leaves as a healthy vegetable has recently increased. In this study, essential oil fractions were extracted from the roots and leaves of this plant by steam distillation. Compositions of the two oils were compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activities of the essential oil were determined against three strains of Escherichia coli. DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power tests were performed to evaluateits antioxidant activities. The cytotoxic activities of the essential oil against a human breast and a uterine cancer cell line were estimated by MTT tests. Additionally, the morphological changes after treatment of the oil fraction were observed under a microscope. The essential oil fraction and its main components, Z-ligustilide and butylidene phthalide, inhibited the growth of three E. coli strains examined, with minimum inhibiting concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1.0 mg/ml to 8.0 mg/ml. Additionally, the essential oil fraction of A. acutiloba exhibited significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Significant cytotoxic activities of the A. acutiloba essential oil were observed for human uterine (Hela) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2009

An aqueous ribose-cysteine model system (initial pH 5.6) was conventionally heated to the same browning at varying temperatures ($120-180^{\circ}C$), supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$, 20 MPa) was also applied on the same matrices for same periods at each temperature and about 20% reduction of the absorbance at 420 nm was observed as compared with sole thermal treatment. The headspace volatiles from Maillard reaction mixtures were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and predominated with sulfur containing compounds, such as thienothiophenes, polysulfur alicyclics, thiols, and disulfides. Reaction temperature exhibited complex effects on volatiles formation and those effects became further complicated by the SC-$CO_2$ treatment. The formation of noncarbonyl polysulfur heterocyclic compounds and thienothiophenes was generally favored at high temperatures. Most volatiles were inhibited in SC-$CO_2$ as compared with thermal treatment alone, however, the well-known meaty aromatic compounds, such as thiols and disulfides, were obviously enhanced.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.882-887
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• 2014

We studied oocyte steroidogenesis in blacktip grouper Epinephelus fasciatus ovarian follicles during vitellogenesis. Vitellogenic oocytes with average diameters of 0.45, 0.48 and 0.50 mm were incubated in vitro in the presence of $[^3H]17{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone as a precursor. The steroid metabolites were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major metabolites in the vitellogenic oocytes were androstenedione ($A_4$), testosterone (T), estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$), and estrone ($E_1$). The metabolites of androgen ($A_4$ and T) were higher in the 0.50-mm oocytes than in the 0.45- and 0.48-mm oocytes, while the estrogen metabolites (E2 and E1) were lower in the 0.50-mm oocytes. These results suggest that 0.50-mm oocytes are fully vitellogenic following initiation of the maturation process.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1276-1280
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• 2003

Thermal behavior of bromphenols was investigated by direct pyrolysis at high temperature. The thermal degradation products formed by the pyrolysis of mono-bromophenols (o-, m-, and p-) were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. During the pyrolysis reactions, several kinds of dioxins and furans were produced, and the relative ratio of pyro-products was dependent on the substituted position of bromine in phenolic structure due to the effect of symmetry and steric hindrance. The formation of dioxins can be explained by the phenoxy radical addition and Br atom elimination at an ortho-carbon site on phenolic structure. On the other hand, the formation of furans can be explained by the ortho-ortho carbon coupling of phenoxy radicals at unsubstituted sites to form o, o'-dihydroxydiphenyl intermediate via its keto-tautomer, followed by $H_2O$ elimination. The pyrolysis temperature has also a substantial effect on the dimerized products quantities but little effect on the type of pyro-products. Moreover, the formation mechanism of pyro-products was suggested on the basis of products identified.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.809-814
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• 2011

A method based on the TMS derivatives and acidic hydrolysis was developed for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated steroidal hormones in surface water. A silylation of five natural and two synthetic steroidal hormones was achieved with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide/$NH_4I$ (1000:3) under catalysis of dithioerythritol for 60 min at $80^{\circ}C$. TMS derivatives of the steroid hormones containing multifunctional groups offer a single derivative product under this condition. The accuracy of the analytes was in the range of 87 to 110% at a concentration of 20 and 50 ng/L with relative standard deviations of less than 10%. The method detection limit was in the range of 0.01 to 0.02 ng/L for surface water. Natural steroidal hormones were detected in a concentration range of 0 to 1.03 ng/L in free form and 0 to 14.6 ng/L in conjugated form, respectively. We found that most of the natural hormonal steroids exist in conjugate forms (43 to 100%) in river water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.312-318
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• 1999

Volatile compounds in salt fermented anchovy on the market were analyzed by vacuum simulta neous distillation solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/olfactometry(V SDE/ GC/MS/O) and aroma extract dilution anlaysis(AEDA). Predominant odorants(Log3FD$\geq$8) in sample were ethyl methylbutanoate(candy like/sweet) and 2 ethyl 3,5 dimethylpyrazine(nutty/baked potato like). Besides these compounds, 6 odorants such as ethyl 3 methylbutanoate(sweet/floral/ candy like), 3 methylbutanal(dark chocolate like), (Z) 4 heptenal(rancid/fish like), (methylthio) propanal(soy sauce /baked potato like), (E,Z) 2,6 nonadienal(melon /cucumber like) and (E,E) 2,4 decadienal(fatty/cooked soybean like) were potent in odor value of salt fermented anchovy. Seven amino acids having high taste value in sample were glutamic acid, aspartic acid(sour and umami taste), lysine, alanine(sweet), histidine, valine, and methionine(bitter).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.232-236
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• 2006

The essential oil of Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. was extracted by solvent extraction (n-pentane:diethylether, 1:1) method using simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of essential oil obtained from S. chirata was 236.47 mg/kg. Seventy seven compounds of the essential oil belonging to chemical classes of acid (4), alcohol (21), aldehyde (15), ester (3), furan (3), hydrocarbon (7), ketone (17) and miscellaneous (7) were tentatively identified. The major volatile compounds ranged in content order were as follows: undecanoic acid (28.63%), 2-buten-2-one (20.42%), camphor (18.40%), 2-heptadecanone (14.72%), and cedrol (13.07%).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.3963-3970
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• 2012

Headspace (HS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were studied for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from whole blood, with chemical and instrumental variables being optimized for maximum sensitivity: incubation at $60^{\circ}C$, equilibration for 30 min, pH 11, and 2 mL injection volume. Both techniques provided accurate analyses, with detection limits of 0.05-0.1 ng $mL^{-1}$ and 0.05-0.5 ng $mL^{-1}$. HS showed better sensitivity, reproducibility, and analysis times than HS-SPME. Overall levels of chloroform in whole blood were found to be 0.05-5.84 ng $mL^{-1}$; detected levels of benzene were 0.05-2.20 ng $mL^{-1}$.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.205-214
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• 2014

Petroleum a vital commodity affecting every aspect of 21st century. Toxicity and adverse effects of sulphur as catalyst in petroleum products is of great concern required development of techniques for desulphurization in compliance with the International standards. Installation of desulphurizing units costs over $200 million per unit placing economic burden on developing countries like Pakistan. Present study analysis of commercial fuels (station petrol and jet fuel JP8) on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified sulphur concentration of 19.94 mg/L and 21.75 mg/L, respectively. This scenario urged the researcher to attempt synthesis of material that is likely to offer good adsorption capacity for sulphur. Following protocol of sol-gel method, transition metals (Ni, Cu, Zn) solution is gelated with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS; silica precursor) using glycerol. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra revealed bonding of Zn-O, Cu-O, and Ni-O by stretching vibrations at $468cm^{-1}$, $617cm^{-1}$, and $468cm^{-1}$, respectively. Thiophene and Benzothiophene mixed in n-heptane and benzene (4:1) for preparation of Model Fuels I and II, respectively. Each of silica based metal was applied as adsorbent in batch mode to assess the removal efficiency. Results demonstrated optimal desulphurization of more than 90% following efficacy order as Si-Ni > Si-Zn > Si-Cu based adsorbents. Proposed multilayered (Freundlich) adsorption mechanism follows ${\pi}$-complexation with pseudo secnd order kinetics.

• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.348-353
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine whether essential oils had anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity and whether there were specific compounds associated with this activity. Methods: There were 63 essential oils evaluated for anti-influenza (A/WS/33 virus) activity using a cytopathic effect reduction method. The chemical composition of the anti-influenza essential oils was phytochemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The antiviral assays demonstrated that 11 of the 62 essential oils ($100{\mu}g/mL$) possessed anti-influenza activity, reducing visible cytopathic effects of influenza A/WS/33 virus activity by > 30%. Furthermore, marjoram, clary sage and anise oils exhibited anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity of > 52.8%. However, oseltamivir (the anti-influenza A and B drug), showed cytotoxicity at the same concentration ($100{\mu}g/mL$) as the essential oils. The chemical composition detected by GC-MS analysis, differed amongst the 3 most potent anti-viral essential oils (marjoram, clary sage and anise oils) except for linalool, which was detected in all 3 essential oils. Conclusion: This study demonstrated anti-influenza activity in 11 essential oils tested, with marjoram, clary sage and anise essential oils being the most effective at reducing visible cytopathic effects of the A/WS/33 virus. All 3 oils contained linalool, suggesting that this may have anti-influenza activity. Further investigation is needed to characterize the antiviral activity of linalool against influenza A/WS/33 virus.