• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to confirm the epidemiologic change of the causative organisms of neonatal and pediatric bacterial meningitis in Korea. And we tried to evaluate the risk factors correlated with prognosis which was available on the day of admission. Methods : Retrospectively, we reviewed the medical records of 57 patients admitted for bacterial meningitis at six hospitals affiliated with Catholic Medical Center for 6 years(Jan. 2000~Dec. 2005). Results : 22 cases(38.6%) of them were neonates under 28 days and 35 cases were infants and children ; 16 cases(28.1%), under 1 year ; 6 cases(10.5%), under 5 years ; 13 cases (22.8%), under 15 years. In neonates, 16 cases(72.7%) were caused by group B streptococcus (GBS). In infants and children, S. pneumoniae(25.7%), H. influenzae type b(Hib)(22.8%) and N. meningitidis(22.8%) were common cause of bacterial meningitis in order. In the informations available on the day of admission, weight deficit for age under 3 percentile, increased CRP level and decreased glucose level of CSF were related to poor prognosis(P<0.05). Conclusion : GBS became a leading cause of neonatal bacterial meningitis. Though, pneumoccocal, Hib and meningococcal meningitis were confirmed as major causes of bacterial meningitis. The routine immunization of pneumococcal and Hib vaccines will be considered, and it is necessary to introduce meningococcal vaccines to our country in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.11-23
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate present water quality and pollution characteristics of them in the basin area of the Mankyung river near Chonju urban stream. In order to obtain the pollution characteristics of this investigation, the physio-chemical water analysis as temperature, pH, DO, BOD, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, and coliform group and their correlation analysis were determined from March to August 1988. The main results were summarized as follows 1. Each chemical constituent detected in three streams has the following variation range as pH(6.7-7.3), DO(1.3-8.9 mg/l), BOD(1.6-162.5mg/l) and water temperature was dominated by atmospheric temperature. 2. In three streams, concentration range of heavy metal was Cd N.D.-2.8 $\mu$g/l, Cu 1.1-10.2 $\mu$g/l, Pb 2.1-13.2 $\mu$g/l and Zn 25.6-62.2 $\mu$g/l, and was shown the order of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd. 3. In the investigation on the bacteriological pollution-in the three streams. 1) The average number of general bacteria contaminated in the Chonju urban stream was $1.7 \times 10^{5}$ numbers/ml, which was higher than $2.6 \times 10^{2}$ numbers/ml, in the Gosan stream and 1.6 $\times$ 10 numbers/ml in the Mankyung river. 2) The average number of total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus contaminated in the Chonju urban stream which was the highest polluted site than those of the other sampling sites were respectively $2.1 \times 10^{5}$, $2.1 \times 10^{5}$ and $9.6 \times 10^{4}$ MPN/100ml. 4. Correlation coefficient between GB and TC in the Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99, Correlation coefficient between TC and FC in Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 0.99, 0.97 and 0.99 and correlation coefficient between FC and TC was respectively 0.99, 0.91 and 0.99. This results mean positively dose relationship between them. 5. The occupied percentage of FC of TC in the Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 88.1%, 68.4% and 77.9% and the percentage of Tc of TS was respectively 43.5%, 31.6% and 41.4%. These .results was considered indicative of pollution derived from domestic wastes which had been contaminated by the feces of inhabitants and domestic animals.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.196-208
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• 2019

Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the chronic inflammatory liver diseases and a leading cause of advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The main purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of GBCK25 fermented by Saccharomyces servazzii GB-07 and pectinase, on NASH severity in mice. Methods: Six-wk-old male mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or a Western diet (WD) for 12 wks to induce NASH. Each group was orally administered with vehicle or GBCK25 once daily at a dose of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg during that time. The effects of GBCK25 on cellular damage and inflammation were determined by in vitro experiments. Results: Histopathologic analysis and hepatic/serum biochemical levels revealed that WD-fed mice showed severe steatosis and liver injury compared to ND-fed mice. Such lesions were significantly decreased in the livers of WD-fed mice with GBCK25 administration. Consistently, mRNA expression levels of NASH-related inflammatory-, fibrogenic-, and lipid metabolism-related genes were decreased in the livers of WD-fed mice administered with GBCK25 compared to WD-fed mice. Western blot analysis revealed decreased protein levels of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) with concomitantly reduced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the livers of WD-fed mice administered with GBCK25. Also, decreased cellular damage and inflammation were observed in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells and RAW264.7 cells, respectively. Conclusion: Administration of GBCK25 ameliorates NASH severity through the modulation of CYP2E1 and its associated JNK-mediated cellular damage. GBCK25 could be a potentially effective prophylactic strategy to prevent metabolic diseases including NASH.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.91-103
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• 1998

After the consumption of green vegetable juice by Korean increase rapidly, the ${NO_3}^-$ intake through green vegetable juice have been ignored to consider for the calculation of daily ${NO_3}^-$ intake. It is necessary to collect the basic data on the ${NO_3}^-$ content in green vegetable juice by different sorts, harvesting time and mixing rate of vegetable, manufacturers and storage conditions for the next calculation of daily ${NO_3}^-$ intake for Korean. Followings are the research results from monitoring and laboratory experiment related with ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C in green vegetable juice. The ${NO_3}^-$ content of angelica plaant(tomorrow's leaf) and kale were higher in spring than those in summer and autumm. The highest value of ${NO_3}^-$ content in tomorrow's leaf and kale were 4.85 and 2.94 times higher compare to the lowest value. The average ${NO_3}^-$ content in the midribs of tomorrow's leaf and kale were 7.5 and 2.1 times higher than those in leafblades. It indicate the green vegetable juice made from leadblade of tomorrow's leaf and kale might be better compare to those from midrib in terms of ${NO_3}^-$ content. The content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C as affected by the timecourse after juice making were decreased rapidly compare to those by storage temperature in case of carrot, kale and cucumber juice. It show the positive comelation between the content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C in carrot, kale and cucumber juice regardless of room temperature(${NO_3}^-$) or cold temperature(${NO_3}^-$). The content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C of green vegetable juice by P company were the highest among the manufactuers. The lower content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C of green vegecable juice by TW company and GB company compare to P company is due to dilution with water to produce the juice. The content of ${NO_3}^-$ of green vegetable juice which were available in market showed 143ppm in carrot juice, 506ppm in tomorrow's leaf juice, 669ppm in wild water celery juice, 985ppm in kale juice, whereas the content of vitamine C were 43ppm in carrot juice, 289ppm in wild water celery juice, 353ppm in kale juice and 768ppm in tomorrow's leaf juice. It was calculated that people take 253mg by tomorrow's leaf juice, 335mg by wild water celery juice, 483mg by kale juice if they drink 500ml of green vegetable juice perday, and it suggest to excess 1.16, 1.53 and 2.21 times respectively only by green vegetable juice consumption.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.842-847
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions on local government levels from 1990 to 2010 using 2006 IPCC guideline methodology. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions based on the 16 local governments, emission factor and scaling factor were used with default value and activity data came from the food, agricultural, forestry and fisheries statistical yearbook of MIFAFF (Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries). The total emissions in crop sector gradually decreased from 1990 to 2010 due to a decline in agricultural land and nitrogen fertilizer usage. The annual average emission of greenhouse gas was the highest in Jeonnam (JN) with 1,698 Gg $CO_2$-eq and following Chungnam (CN), Gyungbuk (GB), Jeonbuk (JB) and Gyunggi (GG). The sum of top-six locals emission had occupied 83.4% of the total emission in cropland sector. The annual average emissions in 1990 by applying 2006 IPCC guideline were approximately 43% less than the national greenhouse gas inventory by 1996 IPCC guideline. Jeonnam (JN) province occupied also the highest results of greenhouse gas emission estimated by gas types (methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide) and emission sources such as rice cultivation, agricultural soil, field burning of crop residue and urea fertilizer.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.208-214
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• 2003

Purpose : We performed a retrospective study on bacterial meningitis in children, pertaining to the causative organisms, bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the effect of recent introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib) vaccine. Methods : We analysed the forty-three cases of bacterial meningitis which had been treated at the Inha University Hospital from June 1996 to June 2003. Results : Nineteen cases(44.2%) of them were infants younger than 2 months of age, and 29 cases(67.5%) younger than 1 year of age. The common causative organisms under 2 months of age were group B streptococcus(GBS)(47.4%), E. coli(21.1%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae(21.1%). In the age group beyond 2 months of age, S. pneumoniae were seen in 50 %, H. influenzae in 16.7% and N. meningitidis in 16.7%. All of the five cases of Hib meningitis had not been vaccinated for Hib. There has been no Hib meningitis cases since 2001. Overall fatality rate was 4.5%, and complication occurred in 39%. Complications was significantly less frequent in patients resumed to be treated within 48 hours after onset compared to after 48 hours after onset. Penicillin resistance of S. pneumoniae and GBS isolated among bacterial meningitis cases was high. Conclusion : Timing of treatment after the onset of the disease appeared the most important factor for prognosis of bacterial meningitis. The cases of H. influenzae meningitis have decreased probably due to Hib vaccination.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.66-79
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• 2007

Objectives : To explore the type and frequency of short term reactions, de Qi associated with acupuncture treatment and to determine the incidence of adverse events following acupuncture in Korea. Subjects and methods : This study is a retrospective and cross-sectional survey of patient reports. 1095 subjects, 585 of out-patients of the Oriental Medicine of Stroke & Neurological Disorders Center, East-West NEO Medical Center of Kyunghee University and 510 of out-patients of the Department of Cardiovascular & Neurologic Diseases (Stoke Center), Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Kyunghee Medical Center, from June through November of 2006, who had acupuncture, gave informed consent and completed one survey form. On this form, patients were asked to report short term acupuncture reactions, de Qi, patient satisfaction measurement (using VAS), and adverse events relating to acupuncture treatment. The acupuncturists of this study are Korean Medicine Doctors (KMD) who had worked as practitioners for 3-30 years or more. Results : The average age of the 1095 subjects was 58 years old. Positive short term acupuncture reactions after treatment were reported by 878 (80.2%), negative short term acupuncture reactions by 75 (6.8%) and no reactions were reported by 142 (13.0%). The most common positive short term acupuncture reactions were feeling 'relaxed', 472 (43.1%), followed by feeling 'less pain' 90 (8.2%), 'energized' 16 ( 1.5%), 'tingling' 16 (1.5%), 'heat feeling or Cold feeling' 10 (0.9%), and others 274 (25.0%), respectively. Negative short term acupuncture reactions were feeling 'pain' 37 (3.4%), tiredness 24 (2.2%), dizziness 9 (0.8%), and others 5 (0.2%), respectively. Traditionally described needling sensations of de Qi refer to a patient's response to distention, pulling, soreness, heaviness, numbness. 39.7% of subjects reported de Qi during needling, experiencing 'distention' 333 (30.4%), 'soreness' 52 (4.7%), 'pulling' 22 (2.0%), 'heaviness' 18 (1.6%), and 'numbness' 10 (0.9%) respectively. Positive short term acupuncture reactions and de Qi rate were the highest in the less than 40 years group (83/96 86.5%, 50/96 52.1%). No acupuncture reactions were highly seen in the over 70 years old group (31/187, 16.6%). Patient satisfaction level using VAS was a comparatively high $72.9{\pm}19.9$. Adverse events were only bleeding in 92 (8.4%) of the total subjects. High sensitive acupoints were 95 points as GV26 (54 times), LI4 (54 times), ST36 (53 times), GB20 (37 times), HT8(34 times), LV3 (29 times), SI3 (29 times), and LI11 (27 times) in order. Main impressions were stroke patients 430 (16.9%), headache 185 (16.9%), hypertension 97 (8.9%), and dizziness 85 (7.8%). Conclusions : Although 8 different Korean Medicine Doctors participated in this research, we obtained similar results from each. There were no significantly different results between the two hospitals. Short term acupuncture reactions and de Qi were most related to age. Except for bleeding there were no adverse events relating to acupuncture treatment in this study. We consider acupuncture treatment as very safe depending on practitioners. Positive short term acupuncture reactions after treatment were 12 times higher than negative short term acupuncture reactions. Subjects were comparatively satisfied with acupuncture treatment.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2005

Obiective : The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of acupuncture treatment for chronic headache patients using power spectrum analysis of the heart rate variability(HRV). Methods : 15 clinical experiment participants were gathered and through a questionnaire patients who experienced headache for more than 4 hours a day and more than IS days per month were qualified as Chronic Headache patients. Treatment was afplied 2 times a weeks for 8 weeks. The acupoints, GV2O, HN23, ST8, HN46, TEl7, GB2O, LI2O, LI11, LI14, ST36, and LR3 were stimulated for 20 minutes. The effects of acupuncture treatment were analyzed using power spectrum analysis of the HRV. HRV was recorded before and after acupuncture treatment. Results : HRV before and after treatment was compared after 8 weeks of acupuncture treatment. Increase in mean values of SDNN and RMSSD were observed but the increases were not statistically significant. Increase in mean values of TP, LF and HF were observed but, the increase was significant(p<0.05) only in TP. Conclusions : The results suggest that acupuncture treatment on chronic headache patients can increase the activity of autonomic nervous system. Further use of HRV for quantitative analysis of acupuncture treatment on autonomic nervous system related symptoms is suggested.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.93-104
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• 2005

Objective : Because the cause and etiology of chronic headache are not yet fully explained, the treatment of this symptom is not simple. In order to study the effectiveness of East-West pain treatment on chronic headache, we evaluated its effect of pain alleviation and quality of life improvement on chronic headache patients who were treated with nerve block and acupuncture, and only acupuncture for eight weeks. Methods : 92 clinical experiment participants were gathered and through a questionnaire patients who experienced headache for more than 4 hours a day and more than 15 days per month were qualified as chronic headache patients. The qualified patients were classified into two groups, nerve block and acupuncture group(EW group, n=49) and acupuncture group(E group, n=43). Treatment was applied 2 times a weeks for 8 weeks. The acupoints, GV20, HN23, ST8, HN46, TE17, GB20, LI20O, LI11, LI14, ST36, and LR3 were stimulated for 20 minutes. The effects of two groups were analyzed using VAS scores and BPI(Brief Pain Inventory).