• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2003

Purpose : Infection with Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli, an emerging human pathogen found particularly in young children under 5 years of age, causes a spectrum of illnesses with high morbidity and mortality, ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Host mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLT-I toxicity. The experiments described here were designed to investigate the effect of SLT-I on TNF-${\alpha}$ production and to understand the effect of TNF-${\alpha}$ on GB3 expression. We also further examine the relationship between the Gb3 level and the differential susceptibility of cells to the cytotoxic action of SLT-I. Methods : The effect of purified SLT-1 from E. coli O157 : H7 (ATCC 43890) on tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production in Raw264.7 cells was investigated. Many mediators regulate endothelial cell membrane expression of the glycolipid globotriaosyleramide (Gb3), which serves as the toxin receptor, suggesting that the host response to the toxin or other bacterial products may contribute to pathogenesis by regulating target cell sensitivity to the toxins. Therefore, the relationships between Gb3 expression and cytotoxicity against SLT-I on three types of cells were evaluated. Results : Detectable levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ were produced as early as six hours after induction and continued to increase during 48 hours by SLT-I. It was also found that Vero cells and dendritic cells (DC2.4 cells) expressed high levels of Gb3, 83% and 68%, respectively, and that Raw264.7 cells had a low level of Gb3 (29%) and appeared refractory to cytotoxicity against SLT-I. Vero cells and DC2.4 cells expressing high levels of Gb3 were highly susceptible to SLT-I. Furthermore, macrophages showed a resistance to SLT-I cytotoxicity, despite the fact that Gb3 expression was enhanced. Conclusion : These results strongly suggest that the expression of Gb3 is necessary but not sufficient to confer sensitivity of macrophages to SLT-I and further underpin the important role of SLT-I and its Gb3 receptors in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157 infection.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2016

A total of 528 broilers ($47{\pm}0.1g$; 1 day of age) were used in a 35-day feeding trial to evaluate probiotics, prebiotics and their interactive effects on growth performance, blood characteristics, relative organ weight and meat quality. Broilers were randomly distributed into 1 of 6 treatments on the basis of body weight (BW) (4 replicate pens per treatment, 22 broilers per pen). The dietary treatments were CON, basal diet; B, CON + 0.1 g kg-1 Bacillus subtilis; K, CON + 1 g kg-1 Kefir; G, CON + 1 g kg-1 ${\beta}-glucan$; GB, G + 1 g kg-1 Bacillus subtilis; and GK, G + 1 g kg-1 Kefir. The overall effects indicated that broilers fed the K, G and GK diets had greater body weight gain (BWG) than those fed the CON diet (P<0.05). The number of white blood cells increased (P<0.05) in the GB group compared with the CON, B and G treatments; however, the lymphocyte percentage in the B group was higher than in the G group. The weight of bursa fabricii was lower in the B and G groups compared to the K group (P<0.05), whereas a higher spleen weight was observed in chickens that were fed the GB and GK diets compared to the B group (P<0.05). The treatments did not affect the meat quality parameters, except for meat redness, which improved with all of the supplementation groups (P<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp. in gizzard was significantly higher in the K treatment compared with CON, B, G and GB. In conclusion, supplementation with kefir and ${\beta}-glucans$ improved growth performance.

• 대한동의생리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.02a
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• pp.24-24
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• 2005

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.482-492
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• 2007

Infection with Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli causes a spectrum of illnesses with high morbidity and mortality. Host mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLT-I toxicity. We here investigated the effect of SLT-I on tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ production, effect of $TNF-{\alpha}$ on glycolipid globotriaosyleramide (Gb3) expression, and relationship between Gb3 level and differential susceptibility of cells to SLT-I. In this study, we observed that detectable levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ are produced 6 hrs after induction and continued to increase during 48 hrs by SLT-I. It was also found that Vero cells and dendritic cells expressed high levels of Gb3, 83% and 68%, respectively, and that macrophages had a low level of Gb3 (29%) and showed refractory to cytotoxicity against SLT-I. Vero cells and dendritic cells expressing high levels of Gb3 were highly susceptible to SLT-I. furthermore, macrophages showed a resistance to SLT-I cytotoxicity, despite the fact that Gb3 expression was enhanced. These results suggest that the expression of Gb3 is necessary, but not sufficient to confer sensitivity of macrophages to SLT-I and further underpin the important role of SLT-I and its receptor, Gb3, in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157 infection.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.73-88
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• 2008

Objective : The aim of this research was to investigate the effect on five element constitutional acupuncture(Sa-am acupuncture) at 4 acupoints by needle manipulation to sedate Six Fu-Organ on hyperlipidemia induced by high fat diet in rats. Method : We recorded data of weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, weight of liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, AST, ALT in serum of rats fed high fat diet for 5 weeks. Spraque Dawley rats were divided into eight groups(normal; normal diet and non-acupuncture group, control; non-acupuncture group, Acu-LI; acupuncture at $SI_5{\cdot}LI_5{\cdot}BL_{66}{\cdot}LI_2$ group, Acu-ST; acupuncture at $GB_{41}{\cdot}ST_{43}{\cdot}LI_1{\cdot}ST_{45}$, Acu-SI; acupuncture at $BL_{66}{\cdot}SI_2{\cdot}ST_{36}{\cdot}SI_8$, Acu-BL; acupuncture therapy at $ST_{36}{\cdot}BL_{40}{\cdot}GB_{41}{\cdot}BL_{65}$, Acu-TE; acupuncture at $BL_{66}{\cdot}TE_2{\cdot}ST_{36}{\cdot}TE_{10}$, Acu-GB; acupuncture at $LI_1{\cdot}GB_{44}{\cdot}SI_5{\cdot}GB_{38}$. After needles inserted, it was rotated clockwise and anticlockwise 12 times on rats fed high fat diet. Results : The body weight was decreased in Acu-SI, Acu-TE, Acu-GB group, /the food intake was decreased in Acu-TE, / the food efficiency was decreased in Acu-SI, /serum triglyceride was decreased in Acu-LI, Acu-ST, Acu-BL, Acu-GB, /serum total cholesterol was decreased in Acu-LI, Acu-BL, serum ALP was decreased in Acu-LI, Acu-ST, Acu-BL, Acu-TE, Acu-GB. While the relative weight of heart was increased in Acu-LI, Acu-SI, the relative weight of kidney was increased in Acu-SI, Acu-GB. Conclusion : These results suggest that five element constitutional acupuncture(Sa-am acupuncture) may be having an therapeutic influence on hyperlipidemia induced by high fat diet. Further researches of acupuncture manipulation are needed in the future based on our study.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths of five dentin adhesive systems cured with three different light curing sources. Seventy five noncarious permanent teeth were collected and stored in an 0.1% thymol solution at room temperature after extraction. The tested adhesives were: Adper Scotchbond Multi-purpose Plus Adhesive (SM) Adper Single bond 2 (SB), Clearfil SE Bond (SE), Adper Prompt L-Pop (PL), G-Bond (GB). And three light curing unit systems were used: Elipar Free light 2(LED), OptiLux 501 (Halogen), Flipo (PAC). For the shear bonding test, the labial and lingual surfaces of permanent teeth were used. To obtain a flat dentin surface, the labial and lingual surfaces of the teeth were sanded on SiO2 with number 600 grit and then divided into 15 groups of 10 surfaces each. All samples were theromocycled in water $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ for 1000 cycles. The results were as follows: 1. When cured with Freelight 2, the shear bond strength of SM was significantly higher than that of PL, GB (p<0.05), whereas no significant difference was found among those of any other bonding agents. 2. When cured with Optilux 501, the shear bond strength of SM was significantly higher than those of any other bonding agents (p<0.05), whereas no singnificant difference was found among those of andy other bonding agents. 3. When cured with Flipo, the shear bond strength of SM was significantly higher than those of SB, SE, GB (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences was found among those of any other bonding agents. 4. For comparison according to three different light cure unit system, except SB and GB, each three dentin bonding agents showed no significant difference. For SB, only Freelight 2 was significantly higher than the others, with no significant difference between Optilux 501 and Flip. For GB, Statistically significant difference was found only between Freelight and Flipo.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.239-248
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• 2007

Alteration of temperature is one of cancer therapies. In general, severe hyperthermia(around $43^{\circ}C$) and hypothermia(around $18^{\circ}C$) trigger apoptosis through mitochondria, though the specific mechanism is still unknown. CC-t6 and GB-d1 cell lines, which were originally derived from human cholangiocarcinoma and gall bladder cancer, were established from a metastatic lymph node. To investigate the mechanism of metastatic cancer cell response to thermal stresses, hyperthermia($37^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}43^{\circ}C$) and hypothermia($37^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}17.4^{\circ}C$) were designed. Thermal stresses did not induce apoptosis but necrotic cell death. Any alterations of caspase-3, -9, cytochrome c, Bax, and Bcl-2 were not found in both hyperthermia and hypothermia exposed fells using western blot analysis. In the transmission electron microscopy, typical necrotic, but not apoptotic, changes were observed. These results suggest that temperature changes induce cell death through necrotic pathway in metastatic cancer in vitro, and it can be one of effective anticancer methods.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.188-196
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• 1998

The sensing and electrical characteristics of $WO_{3}$-based n-type semiconductor gas sensors are investigated. In normal air condition, $TiO_{2}$(4 wt. %)-doped $WO_{3}$-based sensor fabricated without any binder shows the grain boundary ( GB ) potential barrier height of 0.26 V. Sensors fabricated with alumina, PVA and silica sol binders show 0.17, 0.22 and 0.26 V of GB potential barrier height, respectively. In the ambience of 120 ppm $NO_{x}$ concentration, the GB potential barrier height of the sensor fablicated without binder is increased to 0.59 V. The sensors were fabricated with alumina, PVA, silica sol binders show 0.43, 0.66 and 0.52 V of potential barrier, respectively. Thus the variation of the potential barrier at GB is largest in the sensor fabricated with the PVA binder. This is found to be the main reason why the sensor fabricated with the PVA binder shows the best sensitivity. It is also found that the decrease of sensitivity at a temperature higher than the optimum operation temperature is due to the temperature dependence of the sensor resistance in normal air condition rather than the desorption of the adsorbed $NO_{x}$ gas particles. In the ambience of 250 ppm CO concentration, the GB potential barrier heights of the sensors fabricated without binder and with PVA binder are about 0.2 V showing negligible change compared to the case of normal air ambience. This fact indicates that these sensors are good candidates for the selective detection of $NO_{x}$ gas in the mixture of CO and $NO_{x}$ gases.

• 대한동의생리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.10-10
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• 2005

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information of making Skate pipyun made of skate skin. Test for quality characteristics of skate pipyuns seasoned with garlic, ginger, rosemary and basil were carried out. Hardness of GAR(4% of garlic and rosemary) was the highest, while that of GIB(4% of ginger and basil) was the lowest. As for the adhesiveness, springiness and cohesiveness, each specimen did not manifest significant difference. Water contents (82.43~85.56%) were no significant differences. The pipyuns added with spices and herbs were appeared weakly alkali with a range of pH 8.46~8.58. In the sensory evaluation, GIB was the most preferred in overall preference with significantly higher evaluation of flavor, savory taste, and lower fishy odor. The stability of gels decreased during storage at $10^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours, and at $20^{\circ}C$ for 60 min, and the greater was in GIB. Therefore, heating a mixture of 40% skate skin with 60% water for 10 min is recommended as optimum conditions for producing Skate pipyun.