• Title/Summary/Keyword: GB

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An Adaptive-Bandwidth Referenceless CDR with Small-area Coarse and Fine Frequency Detectors

  • Kwon, Hye-Jung;Lim, Ji-Hoon;Kim, Byungsub;Sim, Jae-Yoon;Park, Hong-June
    • JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.404-416
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    • 2015
  • Small-area, low-power coarse and fine frequency detectors (FDs) are proposed for an adaptive bandwidth referenceless CDR with a wide range of input data rate. The coarse FD implemented with two flip-flops eliminates harmonic locking as long as the initial frequency of the CDR is lower than the target frequency. The fine FD samples the incoming input data by using half-rate four phase clocks, while the conventional rotational FD samples the full-rate clock signal by the incoming input data. The fine FD uses only a half number of flip-flops compared to the rotational FD by sharing the sampling and retiming circuitry with PLL. The proposed CDR chip in a 65-nm CMOS process satisfies the jitter tolerance specifications of both USB 3.0 and USB 3.1. The proposed CDR works in the range of input data rate; 2 Gb/s ~ 8 Gb/s at 1.2 V, 4 Gb/s ~ 11 Gb/s at 1.5 V. It consumes 26 mW at 5 Gb/s and 1.2 V, and 41 mW at 10 Gb/s and 1.5 V. The measured phase noise was -97.76 dBc/Hz at the 1 MHz frequency offset from the center frequency of 2.5 GHz. The measured rms jitter was 5.0 ps at 5 Gb/s and 4.5 ps at 10 Gb/s.

A Study on the Quality Characteristics of Morning Buns Made from Different Particle Sizes of Goami Powder (입도가 다른 고아미 가루로 만든 모닝빵의 품질 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hyun-Ah;Lee, Kwang-Suck
    • Culinary science and hospitality research
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.218-230
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study was to increase the consumption of rice rich in dietary fiber, Goami, substituted for flour in making morning buns. Goami powder was prepared in different particle sizes by grinding 5 min. 10 min. 15 min. 20 min. To determine the optimal water quantity of Goami powder dough for morning buns, the hardness of the flour and the Goami powder dough was measured. The appropriate water quantity of Goami powder morning buns was set at 119 mL ~ 218 mL. GB4 had the highest fermentation rate after 60 mim. fermentation. The volume index of the flour morning buns was the highest. The flour morning buns and GB4 showed about the same hardness. The L-values of flour morning buns were higher than those of the Goami powder morning buns. In the sensory evaluation, the overall preference was the highest in the flour morning buns. Among the Goami powder morning buns, GB3 and GB4, grinded for 15 min., were the most preferred.

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Comparative study on the effects of 2 Hz electroacupuncture stimulation at left and right GB34's in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats ($CCl_4$로 유도된 흰쥐의 간기능 손상에 대한 좌우 양릉천(陽陵泉) 전침 효과 비교 연구)

  • Yi, Ji-Young;Yang, Gi-Young;Lee, Byung-Ryul;Yim, Yun-Kyung
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.119-132
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    • 2008
  • Objectives : To compare the effects of low-frequency electro-acupuncture (EA) stimulation at left and right GB34s on hepatotoxicity in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats. Methods : Rats were injected with $CCl_4$ and treated with 2 Hz electro-acupuncture (EA) at left and right GB34s for 15 minutes 3 times per week, for 10 weeks. Holder group, injected with $CCl_4$ and strained in a cylinder for same period as the EA group, was established to compare the hepatotoxicity against the two electroacupuncture groups. To estimate the effects of EA on hepatotoxicity in rats, body weight, liver weight and liver index were measured. Biochemical assays for serum ALT, AST, ALP and total cholesterol ; hematological analysis for RBC, WBC, PLT, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes ; and histology analysis of liver tissue were also performed. Results : Lymphocyte level in blood was significantly decreased by $CCl_4$-intoxication, and increased by low-frequency electroacupuncture applied on both left and right GB34s. Low-frequency EA applied on right and left GB34s significantly reduced serum ALT and AST, both of which had been increased by $CCl_4$-intoxication. Conclusion : Low-frequency electroacupunctures at both left and right GB34s have hepatoprotective effects on $CCl_4$-induced liver damage in rats. However, no significant differences were found between the effects of EAs at left and right GB34s.

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A Study of Acupuncture Contraindications in Uihakipmun (의학입문에 수록된 금침혈 연구)

  • Chai, Kwang-min;Kwon, Sunoh;Yoon, Dong Hak;Kim, Seungtae
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.150-161
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    • 2019
  • Objectives : The authors aimed at contributing to the safety of acupuncture in the clinic by analyzing the information of contraindicated acupoints described in Uihakipmun. Methods : We investigated the contents related acupuncture contraindications in Uihakipmun, categorized the contraindicated acupoints by site and identified whether they can cause adverse events from the anatomical point of view. Results : In Uihakipmun, 49 acupoints - BL6, BL8, BL9, ST1, SI18, BL1, BL2, TE18, TE19, TE20, GB1, GB3, GV22, GV24, ST12, ST9, TE16, GV6, BL15, BL30, CV17, LU2, GB22, SP16, CV8, CV9, CV15, KI11, ST30, SP11, BL56, GB32, GB33, GB42, LI13, HT2, TE8, GV17, GB18, EX-HN11, GB21, GV11, GV10, ST17, CV5, CV1, ST42, SP6, LI4 - were described as contraindicated acupoints. Among them, the contraindications induced by acupuncture treatment were described for just 5 acupoints. Anatomically, acupuncture stimulation at the contraindicated acupoints can cause organ, nerve or vessel damage near the acupoints. And the number of contraindicated acupoints in Uihakipmun was increased compared to those in Hwangjenaegyeong, Chimgugabeulgyeong, Bigeupcheongeumyobang, Donginsuhyeolchimgudogyeong and Chimgujasaenggyeong. Conclusions : In Ming dynasty, the knowledge associated with adverse events on acupuncture was increased by the accumulation of medical knowledge. Acupuncture stimulation at the contraindicated acupoints described in Uihakipmun can cause tissue damage, therefore we should perform acupuncture procedure carefully to avoid adverse events when stimulating the contraindicated acupoints.

A 40 Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery Module with Improved Phase-Locked Loop Circuits

  • Park, Hyun;Kim, Kang-Wook;Lim, Sang-Kyu;Ko, Je-Soo
    • ETRI Journal
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.275-281
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    • 2008
  • A 40 Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) module for a fiber-optic receiver with improved phase-locked loop (PLL) circuits has been successfully implemented. The PLL of the CDR module employs an improved D-type flip-flop frequency acquisition circuit, which helps to stabilize the CDR performance, to obtain faster frequency acquisition, and to reduce the time of recovering the lock state in the event of losing the lock state. The measured RMS jitter of the clock signal recovered from 40 Gb/s pseudo-random binary sequence ($2^{31}-1$) data by the improved PLL clock recovery module is 210 fs. The CDR module also integrates a 40 Gb/s D-FF decision circuit, demonstrating that it can produce clean retimed data using the recovered clock.

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100Gb/s 급 WDM 광 전송 시스템

  • 박창수
    • Information and Communications Magazine
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    • v.15 no.7
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    • pp.144-157
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    • 1998
  • 100Gb/s급 WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) 광전송시스템은 10Gb/s 신호 (STM-64) 를 최대 16채널까지 파장분할다중화하는 광전송시스템으로서 단국형 모드 (TM: Terminal Mode)와 분기결합형 모드(ADM: Add-Drop Mode)를 고려한 통합형 구조로 설계, 구현되었다. 본 시스템은 10Gb/s 광신호를 싣는 각각의 채널파장(채널파장간격: 1.6nm)에 최대 16개(파장영역: $1536.61\sim1560.61nm$)까지 광채널 신호를 결합하여 하나의 광섬유로 전송하는 기능을 갖는다. 또한 광전달망 계층구간의 감시제어 기능과 시스템 운용관리 기능 및 사용자 터미널 접속 기능을 수행하는 감시제어 기능을 갖는다. 본 고에서는 개발중인 100Gb/s급 WDM 광전송시스템의 시스템개요, 하드웨어 구현, 감시제어 구현, 다채널 광전송 실험 등에 관해서 기술한다.

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Effect of Glutinous Barley Intake on Lipid Metabolism in Middle-Aged Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

  • Sohn, Jung-Sook;Hong, So-Young;Kim, Mi-Kyung
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.16 no.6
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    • pp.1023-1028
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    • 2007
  • This study was designed to determine whether dietary glutinous barley (GB) affects lipid metabolism in middle-aged rats previously fed a high-fat diet. To induce obesity, 20 male 9-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were raised for 1 month on a diet containing 20%(w/w) lipid. The rats were allocated to 1 of 2 groups of 10 rats each and for the subsequent 2 months were fed an 8%(w/w) lipid diet containing well-milled rice (WMR) or GB powder. Rats fed the GB diet had significantly lower concentrations of plasma triglyceride, plasma total cholesterol, and liver cholesterol than rats fed the WMR diet. Fecal excretions of triglyceride and bile acids were significantly greater for the GB group than for the WMR group. In conclusion, dietary GB has positive effects on lipid metabolism: it decreases plasma cholesterol concentration by increasing fecal excretion of bile acids.

Refinement of Protein NMR Structure under Membrane-like Environments with an Implicit Solvent Model

  • Jee, Jun-Goo;Ahn, Hee-Chul
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.30 no.5
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    • pp.1139-1142
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    • 2009
  • Refinement of NMR structures by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a solvent model has improved the structural quality. In this study, we applied MD refinement with the generalized Born (GB) implicit solvent model to protein structure determined under membrane-like environments. Despite popularity of the GB model, its applications to the refinement of NMR structures of hydrophobic proteins, in which detergents or organic solvents enclose proteins, are limited, and there is little information on the use of another GB parameter for these cases. We carried out MD refinement of crambin NMR structure in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles (Ahn et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 4398-4404) with GB/Surface area model and two different surface tension coefficients, one for aquatic and the other for hydrophobic conditions. Our data show that, of two structures by MD refinement with GB model, the one refined with the parameter to consider hydrophobic condition had the better qualities in terms of precision and solvent accessibility.

Gallbladder polyps: evolving approach to the diagnosis and management

  • Kim, Kook Hyun
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2021
  • Gallbladder (GB) polyp is a mucosal projection into the GB lumen. With increasing health awareness, GB polyps are frequently found using ultrasonography during health screening. The prevalence of GB polyps ranges between 1.3% and 9.5%. Most patients are asymptomatic and have benign characteristics. Of the nonneoplastic polyps, cholesterol polyps are most common, accounting for 60%-70% of lesions. However, a few polyps have malignant potential. Currently, the guidelines recommend laparoscopic cholecystectomy for polyps larger than 1 cm in diameter due to their malignant potential. The treatment algorithm can be influenced by the size, shape, and numbers of polyps, old age (>50 years), the presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis, and gallstones. This review summarizes the commonly recognized concepts on GB polyps from diagnosis to an algorithm of treatment.