• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.335-339
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• 2003

The aim of this study is to optimize the monolayer cultivation of human articular chondrocytes in serum-free media. For this purpose, chondrocytes were isolated from human articular cartilage and monolayer cultures were performed in DMEM/F12 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or serum-free media (SFM) containing various supplements and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Western blotting analysis, RT-PCR, dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) assay were carried out to evaluate the synthesis of collagen type II (Col. II) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). We observed that SFM with EGF stimulated the cell growth while the amounts of synthesized GAGs and Col. II were decreased gradually. However, the Col. II mRNA level was increased when the SFM was replaced by media containing 10% FBS. This study suggests that it is possible to obtain large amount of human articular chondrocytes by short-term monolayer cultures in SFM.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.475-479
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• 2003

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs) from sea squirt, Styela clava was extracted with sodium phosphate at $105^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr and deprotein with trichloroacetic acid or hydrochloride. This GAGs was mainly constituted of galactose, glucosamine, glucose, mannose and galactosamine, and was phenylalanine, threonine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Mineral contents was mainly constituted 3.0mg% sodium, 1.6mg% potassium and 1.2mg% phosphorus and heavy metal was not detected. At pharmaceutical and cosmetic code of GAGs, protein and sulfate contents should included each range $14.0{\sim}22.0%$, $35.0 {\sim}45.0%$. After 5.0% trichloroacetic acid(w/v) and 10.0% HCl(v/v) treatment, protein and sulfate contents of GAGs was contained each 35.1%, 35.4% and each 22.0%, 18.5%.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 1997

The effect of cryopreservation on extracellular matrix was studied with the ultimate objective of permiting a prediction of the tendency of aorta conduit tissue to calcify following transplantation. Cryopreserved and fresh porcine aorta conduit tissues were extracted using guanidine-hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) followed by sequential digestion of the tissues with collagenase, elastase, and papain. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the proteoglycans (PGs) were isolated and quantitated. Gdn-HCl extracted about 61% and 62% of the total GAG (proteoqlycan) material from cryopreserved and fresh tissues, respectively. Collagenasesolubilized proteoglycans from Gdn-HCl extracted tissue represented 20% and 13%, respectively, of the total GAGs present in cryopreserved and fresh tissues. Subsequent elastase hydrolysis of collagenase-digested tissue released about 11% of total GAGs from cryopreserved tissue and 16% from fresh tissue. The remaining 8%, from cryopreserved tissue, and 9%, from fresh tissue, of the total GAGs were obtained after using a papain hydrolysis. There was essentially no difference between fresh and cryopreserved tissues in the relative distribution of proteoglycans in the extracts and digestions except in the initial digestion step where more proteoglycans were obtained from collagenase solubilization of cryopreserved tissue than fresh tissue (p<0.05). The histologic status of the fresh and cryopreserved porcine aortic conduit did not differ markedly. The normal tissue architecture was not affected markedly by the cryopreservation procedure as neither alteration of elastic structure, fibrous proteins nor alteration of nuclear distribution or smooth muscle cell morphology was detected. Quantitative tissue mineral studies revealed that the mean calcium content of the cryopreserved aorta conduit tissue $(165{\pm}3\;{\mu}g/g\;wet\;tissue)$ was higher than that of the fresh tissue $(105{\pm}4\;{\mu}g/g\;wet\;tissue)$ $(p<0.05)$. The mean phosphorus content was $703{\pm}35\;{\mu}g$ wet tissue from cryopreserved tissue and $720{\pm}26\;{\mu}g$ wet tissue from fresh tissue. The study indicates that there is no significant alteration in the distribution of PGs in properly cryopreserved tissue, but the total calcium level appears to be increased in tissue cryopreserved by the cryopreservation process used in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1546-1550
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• 2007

This study aimed to provide basic information as the foundation for further studies on the assessment of velvet antler quality by investigating the changes in fatty acid, vitamin A and E, minerals and GAGs contents by development stage of antler in spotted deer (Cervus nippon). Twelve stags (aged 4 to 5 years) were divided into two groups and velvet antler harvested 40 days (FDG) and 60 days (SDG) after casting of the buttons from the previous set. Total saturated fatty acid was lower in FDG than SDG (p<0.05). Total monounsaturated fatty acid, conjugated linoleic acid (p<0.05), polyunsaturated fatty acid and ${\omega}$3 fatty acid were higher in FDG than SDG. The vitamin A content of FDG was higher than that of SDG, but the vitamin E content of FDG was lower than that of SDG (p<0.05). SDG had significantly higher calcium and phosphate content than FDG (p<0.05). The magnesium content showed a similar trend to the contents of calcium and phosphate, but there was no significant difference between SDG and FDG. Uronic acid content was higher in FDG than SDG but there was no significant difference. The contents of GAGs and sialic acid were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FDG than SDG. These results indicated that the longer stage of antler development had lower content of activating components and this lead to a decrease of antler quality.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.349-355
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• 2011

Russian deer velvet antlers were divided into three parts and subjected to a extraction process using hot water at 100, 110, and $120^{\circ}C$ or an extraction with 70% ethanol. Each extract was analyzed for its biochemical components, including uronic acid, sulfated-glycosaminoglycans (sulfated-GAGs), and sialic acid, and the antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities were investigated. Different levels of uronic acid and sulfated-GAGs were observed in the extracts according to the water temperature used for the extraction, and contents decreased with increasing extraction temperature. The upper layer of each extract showed high amounts of uronic acid and sulfated-GAGs, followed by the middle and base layers. Ethanol extraction was more effective for recovering uronic acid than sulfated-GAGs. Sialic acid content was the highest in the $110^{\circ}C$ extracts but was not observed in the ethanol extracts. Velvet antler extracts showed strong antioxidant activities against DPPH and hydrogen peroxide as well as strong reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. However, the antioxidant activities were different in each layer and according to the extraction method. Additionally, velvet antler extracts exhibited inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that velvet antler extracts are useful as a functional food ingredient and/or a pharmaceutical.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1992

These experiments were undertaken to investigate the rate of in vitro fertilization of bovine follicular oocytes treated with glycosaminoglycans(GAGs). Bovine follicular oocytes were obtained from the ovary of slaughtered animal and matured in media containing the various concentrations of hydluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate or heparin for 26 hours. Epididymal spermatozoa were capacitated and insemination was made by introducing about 10~15 matured oocytes into the suspension of spermatozoa. Six hour after insemination the eggs were transferred to TCM-199 supplemented with FCS(10%) and then examined the embryo development. After in vitro insemination, percentages of ova fertilized were 61.3 or 48.3%, respectively, for the cumulus intact or removed in the percentages of GAGs. However, in case of cumulus-free oocytes treated with GAGs, the fertilization rates were 58.8, 62.1, 58.8, and 61.8%, respectively, showing significant effect compared to 48.3% in cumulus-free oocytes. Our findings suggest that cnondroitin sulfate and heparin are superior to hyaluronic acid in the fertilizatin and pronuclear formation of bovine oocytes.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.150-155
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• 2007

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a disorder of storage in which there is excessive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from lysosomal enzyme defect. Lysosomal accumulation of GAGs eventually results in cell, tissue and organ dysfunction. This patient may manifest mental retardation and physical disorders. This clinical report presents a girl with MPS having severe gingival hyperplasia. Gingivectomy was performed under general anesthesia. The pediatric dentist must be aware of oral manifestations present in the MPS. The approach to dental management will require teamwork between the dentist and the patient's physician.

• Journal of mucopolysaccharidosis and rare diseases
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2021

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase, leading to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which affects multiple organs and systems. Current treatments for MPS II include enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) to reduce the accumulation of GAGs. HCT has the potential advantage that donor-derived enzyme-competent cells can provide a continuous secreting source of the enzyme. However, HCT as a treatment for MPS II remains controversial because its effectiveness is unclear, particularly in terms of neurological symptoms. To date, several clinical experiences with HCT in MPS II have been reported. In this paper, we review post-HCT outcomes in the previously published literature and discuss the effects of HCT on each of the clinical signs and symptoms of MPS II.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.204.2-205
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• 2000

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.182.1-182.1
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• 2001