• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.1201-1206
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• 2010

갈색 유색미의 생산증대와 소비증진을 위한 방편으로 GABA 함량이 높은 갈색 유색미차를 개발하기 위한 기초연구를 행하였다. 이를 위해 볶음온도와 시간을 달리하여 갈색 유색미를 볶은 후 색도와 GABA 함량을 측정하였고, 이들의 분쇄물을 열수로 침출한 후 갈색도, 탁도, 환원당, 가용성 고형분, 총 polyphenol, pH와 같은 이화학적 특성을 측정하였다. 또한 $170^{\circ}C$에서 10, 20, 30분간 볶은 갈색 유색미의 차의 관능적 특성을 알아보았다. 볶음온도와 시간이 증가함에 따라 갈색 유색미의 L값, a값, b값의 색도는 모두 감소하였고, GABA 함량도 낮아졌다. $170^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 볶은 경우의 GABA 함량이 6.83 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았고, $220^{\circ}C$에서 11분간 볶은 경우가 가장 함량이 낮았다. 갈색유색미 차의 갈색도, 탁도, 환원당, 가용성 고형분, 총 polyphenol 함량은 갈색 유색미의 볶음온도와 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, pH는 이와는 반대로 감소하였다. 30분간 볶아 만든 갈색 유색미 차의 색, 향, 맛, 종합적 기호도가 가장 높았는데, 이는 다른 차보다 색, 향, 맛이 가장 강하였기 때문이었다. 이에 GABA 함량도 높고 소비자의 기호도를 만족하는 차를 개발하기 위해서는 GABA 함량이 높은 10분간 볶은 갈색 유색미와 30분간 볶은 갈색 유색미를 적절히 혼합하여 제조할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2013

전통적인 방법으로 제조된 청국장으로부터 우수한 발효 균주들을 분리하여 재래식으로 청국장을 제조하고, 제조된 청국장의 생리활성 물질인 GABA를 유지 및 보강하면서 품질을 향상시키기 위하여 청국장 발효능이 뛰어난 종균을 찾아 분리하였다. 분리된 균주들 가운데 GABA의 함량이 높은 청국장을 생산하는 MC 31을 실험균주로 선택하였고 API Kit와 16S rDNA sequence를 통하여 Bacillus subtilis MC 31로 명명하였다. B. subtilis MC 31의 최적배지와 온도, 시간을 찾아본 결과 LB 배지에서 $37^{\circ}C$, 24시간이 가장 높은 생육을 나타내었다. GABA 생산에 적합한 발효 온도와 시간을 조절하여 최적 조건을 찾아본 결과 B. subtilis MC 31는 $40^{\circ}C$에서 72시간에 가장 많은 GABA를 생산하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.209-221
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• 2019

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that exerts several physiological functions and positive effects on human health. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the strains that had GABA-producing abilities from various fermented fish products. A total of 91 acid-producing strains were isolated from 41 samples of fermented fish products, and 27 strains showing GABA-producing abilities were identified by the 16S rDNA sequences. Among the strains, 31% strains tolerated at high-salt environment of 10-20% throughout the fermentation of fish sauces. The 27 isolates that produced GABA at various concentrations did so in the range of 5 to 454 mM. These GABA-producing isolates were identified as lactic acid bacteria of 14 strains, which included twelve Lactococcus lactis, one Enterococcus faecium, and one Lactococcus pentosus; eight Bacillus cereus group, which included seven B. thuringiensis and one B. cereus; and five Staphylococcus spp. Interestingly, with Vietnamese fish sauces, we mostly identified species of B. thuringiensis and Staphylococcus spp., while with Korean fermented fish products, the majority of the strains identified belonged to L. lactis. Among the strains, B. thuringiensis LH2134 produced the highest levels of GABA at 366 mM among the strains identified from Vietnamese fish sauces, whereas L. lactis LA43, a new strain isolated from Korean jeotgal (salted shrimp paste), produced the highest amount of GABA at 454 mM and the glutamate concentration in the medium was essential for GABA accumulation. Therefore, such the isolates might serve as good starters for development of more GABA-reinforced foods among fermented fish products.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.441-449
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• 2023

Background: Hypertonic saline is used for treating chronic pain; however, clinical studies that aid in optimizing therapeutic protocols are lacking. We aimed to determine the concentration of intrathecally injected hypertonic saline at which the effect reaches its peak as well as the underlying γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-related antinociceptive mechanism. Methods: Spinal nerve ligation (SNL; left L5 and L6) was performed to induce neuropathic pain in rats weighing 250-300 g. Experiment 1: one week after implanting the intrathecal catheter, 60 rats were assigned randomly to intrathecal injection with 0.45%, 0.9%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% NaCl, followed by behavioral testing at baseline and after 30 minutes, 2 hours, 1 day, and 1 week to determine the minimal concentration which produced maximal analgesia. Experiment 2: after determining the optimal intrathecal hypertonic saline concentration, 60 rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham, hypertonic saline without pretreatment, and hypertonic saline after pretreatment with one of two GABA receptor antagonists (GABA_A [bicuculline], or GABA_B [phaclofen]). Behavioral tests were performed at weeks 1 and 3 following each treatment. Results: Hypertonic saline at concentrations greater than 5% alleviated SNL-induced mechanical allodynia and had a significant therapeutic effect, while showing a partial time- and dose-dependent antinociceptive effect on thermal and cold hyperalgesia. However, pretreatment with GABA receptor antagonists inhibited the antinociceptive effect of 5% NaCl. Conclusions: This study indicates that the optimal concentration of hypertonic saline for controlling mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain is 5%, and that its analgesic effect is related to GABA_A and GABA_B receptors.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.181-186
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• 2013

${\gamma}$-Aminobutyric acid(GABA) is a four carbon non-protein amino acid that has several well-known physiological functions, such as a postsynaptic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and induction of hypotensive and tranquilizer effects. A lactic acid bacterium was isolated from button mushroom bed, which is showing high GABA productivity by TLC or HPLC analysis. The strain was identified as Lactobacillus hilgardii by analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequence. When the maximum production of GABA by L. hilgardii was investigated with various concentration of monosodium glutamate, the yield of GABA reached to be 53.65 mM at 1% mono sodium glutamate (MSG) in flask cultivation. A Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme, which was known to convert MSG to GABA, was purified from a cell-free extract of L. hilgardii and the molecular weights of purified GAD was estimated to 60,000 by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of GAD were at pH4.6 and at $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. The GAD activity was increased by the addition of sulfate ions such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate, indicating that the increase of hydrophobic interaction causes the increase of GAD activity.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제23권3호통권99호
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• pp.409-412
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• 2007

녹차재배의 대표적인 지역인 A, B 및 C지역에서 재배, 가공 처리되어 시판되는 녹차의 GABA 함량 분석결과, A와 C지역의 녹차의 GABA 함량은 비슷한 함량은 비슷하였으나, B지역의 것인 경우 GABA 함량의 변이가 현저하게 달랐다. 특히, 이 지역의 녹차의GABA 함량은 분석 시료 7종류에서 가장 높은 시료와 가장 낮은 시료가 같이 생산되고 있는 것으로 나타나, 녹차의 GABA 함량은 녹차의 지역간의 차이는 물론이고, 가공 처리 과정에 의한 함량 변이가 높은 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서는 녹차 의 대표적 생산지 3개의 지역에서 생산된 7개의 시판녹차 중 채엽시기에 따른 분류 중 중작만을 분석시료로 사용하였지만, 현재대형마켓에서 판매되는 녹차는 여러 지역에서 생산되는 수십 종류에 해당하며, 이들 시판녹차의 GABA함량은 또한 다양할 것으로 추정된다. 따라서, 추후에는 좀 더 많은 녹차시료에 대한 분석을 통해 현재 시판녹차의 평균 GABA 함량의 기준을 설정하고, 이를 바탕으로 생리활성 물질인 GABA가 다량 함유된 기능성건강 녹차식품 개발이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1745-1748
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• 2019

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays important roles in host physiology. However, the effects of GABA are greatly restricted due to its low bioavailability in the human body. Here, a high acid-tolerance GABA-producing strain, Lactobacillus brevis Bmb5, was isolated from kimchi. Bmb5 converted glutamate to GABA (7.23 ± 0.68 ㎍/μl) at a rate of 72.3%. The expression of gadB gene, encoding the enzyme involved in the decarboxylation of glutamate to GABA, was decreased upon incubation. Our findings indicate GABA production in Bmb5 is not directly correlated with gadB gene expression, providing new insight into the mechanisms underlying GABA production in Lactobacillus.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.95-105
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• 1991

흰쥐 적출소장의 수축성에 미치는 GABA의 영향을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. GABA는 소장을 이완시켰으며 그 이완 작용은 십이지장, 공장 그리고 회장의 순이었다. GABA A수용체 효현제인 muscimol 역시 소장을 이완시켰으며, 그 효능의 강도는 십이지장, 공장 그리고 회장의 순이었다. 그러나 GABA B수용체 효현제인 baclofen은 소장의 운동성에 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 2. 상경적 GABA A수용체 길항제인 bicuculline과 비 상경적 GABA A수용체 길항제인 picrotoxin은 십이지장에 대한 GABA와 muscimol의 이완 작용을 현저히 억제시켰다. 그리고 bicuculline의 억제 작용이 picrotoxin 보다 강하였다. 3. Sodium channel blocker인 tetrodotoxin은 GABA의 이완 작용을 봉쇄하였다. 4. 신경절 봉쇄적인 hexamethonium은 십이지장에 대한 GABA의 이완작용을 길항하지 못하였다. 이상의 실험 결과로 볼 때 흰쥐 소장의 자발 수축운동에 대한 GABA의 이완작용은 소장이 부위에 따라 다르게 나타나며, 그 작용은 postganglionic presynaptic neuron에 존재하는 GABA A 수용체에 작용함으로써 나타나는 것으로 사료된다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2008

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anticonvulsive effects of Gamiheichumhwan extract and to explain its action in GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. Method: The extracts of Gamiheichumhwan were investigated for their inhibitory effect on GABA transaminase activity, their influence on brain GABA and glutamate levels, their agonistic activity on GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and anticonvulsive action using in vitro and in vivo assays. Results: 1. The extract inhibited dose-dependently GABA transaminase (GABA-T) activity by 4.6% and 18.9%, respectively at dosages of 250 mg/kg and 500mg/kg mouse (p.o.). 2. Brian GABA level was increased to 72.0% and brain glutamate level was decreased to 9.6% at a dosage of 500 mg/kg mouse (p.o.). 3. The extract suppressed [3H]Ro15-1788 binding to rat cerebral cortical membrane by $81.4{\pm}0.8%$ at a dosage of 3.2 mg, suggesting its agonistic activity on GABA/benzodiazepin receptor. 4. The extract showed anticonvulsive effect by lengthening the onset time of convulsion, shortening the convulsion duration and diminishing the lethality. Conclusion : It is suggested that Gamiheichumhwan can be used to somnipathy and adapted to treatment and prevention of epilepsy or convulsion.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.695-702
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• 2017

The sustained tonic currents ($I_{tonic}$) generated by ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid A receptors ($GABA_{A}Rs$) are implicated in diverse age-dependent brain functions. While various mechanisms regulating $I_{tonic}$ in the hippocampus are known, their combined role in $I_{tonic}$ regulation is not well understood in different age groups. In this study, we demonstrated that a developmental increase in GABA transporter (GAT) expression, combined with gradual decrease in $GABA_AR{\alpha}_5$ subunit, resulted in various $I_{tonic}$ in the dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs) of preadolescent rats. Both GAT-1 and GAT-3 expression gradually increased at infantile ($P_{6-8}$ and $P_{13-15}$) and juvenile ($P_{20-22}$ and $P_{27-29}$) stages, with stabilization observed thereafter in adolescents ($P_{34-36}$) and young adults ($P_{41-43}$). $I_{tonic}$ facilitation of a selective GAT-1 blocker (NO-711) was significantly less at $P_{6-8}$ than after $P_{13-15}$. The facilitation of $I_{tonic}$ by SNAP-5114, a GAT-3 inhibitor, was negligible in the absence of exogenous GABA at all tested ages. In contrast, $I_{tonic}$ in the presence of a nonselective GAT blocker (nipecotic acid, NPA) gradually decreased with age during the preadolescent period, which was mimicked by $I_{tonic}$ changes in the presence of exogenous GABA. $I_{tonic}$ sensitivity to L-655,708, a $GABA_AR{\alpha}_5$ subunit inverse agonist, gradually decreased during the preadolescent period in the presence of NPA or exogenous GABA. Finally, Western blot analysis showed that the expression of the $GABA_AR{\alpha}_5$ subunit in the dentate gyrus gradually decreased with age. Collectively, our results suggested that the $I_{tonic}$ regulation of altered GATs is under the final tune of $GABA_AR{\alpha}_5$ subunit activation in DGGCs at different ages.