• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.296-302
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• 2014

The foliage of variegated Solomon's seal is excellent in cut flower arrangements. However, it has a restricted marketing period because the harvesting is limited in spring and summer. The increased interest requires the year-round production, thus techniques for dormancy breaking and forcing without low temperature treatment is needed. Therefore, experiments were conducted to d etermine whether gibberellic acid (GA) could break dormancy in variegated Solomon's seal. Thes prouting of dormant bud did not occur throughout the experiment when $GA_3$ $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was applied to dormant rhizomes as a soil drench. However, when plants were treated with a GA drench after scratch with razor blade or were given direct injection of GA, percent sprouting was increased up to 100 or 83.3%, respectively. However, because treatments with razor or syringe may damage internal organs, we tested another method, scarifying the rhizomes with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Rhizome scarification with 4% NaOCl for 6 or 24 hours followed by drench of $GA_3$ $400mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ increased the dormancy breaking percentage to 70 or 86.7%, respectively. Moreover, scarified and GA-treated rhizomes produced more leaves than untreated or GA-soil drenched plants in the glasshouse. These results showed the possibility of year-round production of variegated Solomon's seal foliage with rhizome scarification and GA treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2021

Ga-doped ZnO thin films by RF magnetron sputtering process were synthesized according to the deposition conditions of O2 and Ar atmosphere gases, and rapid heat treatment (RTA) was performed at 600℃ in an N2 atmosphere. The thickness of the deposited ZnO : Ga thin film was measured, the crystal phase was investigated by XRD pattern analysis, and the microstructure of the thin film was observed by FE-SEM and AFM images. The intensity of the (002) plane of the X-ray diffraction pattern showed a significant difference depending on the deposition conditions of the thin films formed by O2 and Ar atmosphere gas types. In the case of a single thin f ilm doped with Ga under O2 conditions, a strong diffraction peak was observed. Under O2 and Ar conditions, in the case of a multilayer thin film with Ga doping, only a peak on the (002) plane with a somewhat weak intensity was shown. In the FE-SEM image, it was observed that the grain size of the surface of the thin film slightly increased as the thickness increased. In the case of a multilayer thin film with Ga doping under O2 and Ar atmosphere conditions, the specific resistance was 6.4 × 10-4 Ω·cm. In the case of a single thin film with Ga doping under O2 atmosphere conditions, the resistance of the thin film decreased. The resistance decreased as the thickness of the Ga-doped ZnO thin film increased to 2 ㎛, showing relatively a low specific resistance of 1.0 × 10-3 Ω·cm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.200-200
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• 2004

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.383-386
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• 2000

To clarify the effects of application time of $GA_{4+7}$ paste (GA paste) on tree and fruit growth, fruit quality, and maturity of 'Kamcheonbae' and 'Whangkuembae' pears, GA paste of 25 mg each was applied directly to fruit stalk 25, 35, and 45 days after full bloom (DAFB). Later application of GA paste tended to increase the fruit weight of 'Kamcheonbae' pear. GA paste applied 45 DAFB increased the titratable acidity of the two cultivars. Fruit firmness of 'Kamcheonbae' was not affected by the GA paste treatment, while that of 'Whangkuembae' was increased by more than 20%. Fruit maturity of the two cultivars was hastened for 4 days by the GA paste treatment at any application time. Sharp increase in the fruit weight of the GA paste-treated 'Kamcheonbae' was noted from early July while that of control exhibited slow increase from early September. The initial growth pattern of 'Whangkeumbae' was similar to that of 'Kamcheonbae', but the growth slowed down from early September, regardless of the treatments.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2010

For the purpose of applying a hot-dip Zn-6mass%Al-3mass%Mg alloy coated steel sheet (ZAM) to automotive body materials, a laboratory study of the general properties required for inner and outer panels of automotive bodies was performed. Even with only light coating weight, ZAM showed an excellent corrosion resistance in terms of both cosmetic and perforation corrosion compared to the currently used materials for automotive bodies, GI70 and GA45. In our study, it was confirmed that ZAM exhibits as good as or better properties than GI70 in terms of spot weldability and press formability. Furthermore, since the same corrosion resistance can be achieved with less coating weight by applying ZAM, laser weldability is better than GI and GA.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 1996

Aliphatic esters of protocatechuic acid (PA, 1), vanillic acid (VA, 9) and gallic acid (GA, 18) were prepared and their anti-thrombotic effects were evaluated in the mouse model of thrombosis. The aliphatic groups included methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, n-amyl and cyclohexyl. n-Amyl ester of PA (7), i-propyl and cyclohexyl esters of VA (13 and 17 respectively) and ethyl ester of GA (20) treatment significantly lowered the death rate and increased the recovery from paralysis due to the thrombotic challenge. From the limited analogs available, it was tentatively concluded that the structural conformation, where carboxy oxygen (=O or -O) of the carboxyl group (COOH) at $C_1$ and the oxygen function at $C_3(either\; OH\; or\; OCH_3)$ are closely situated, is favorable for the esters of PA, VA and GA to be more antithrombotic.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of runner development based on production period and to investigate the yield in different cropping type to nursery plant age. In runner development experiment, heating + lighting + $GA_3$ + cluster removal treatment increased the number of runners by 13.1 times higher in spring season than control(heating only) in overwintering mother-plant. Treatment of 20ppm $GA_3$ was the most effective for runner production in autumn. In nursery plant age experiment, 60 days old nursery plants produced more flower cluster than 40 days old ones. This result indicated that the yield potential was so low that overwintering runners would be adaptable for spring or summer cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2004

Transplantings of onion (Allium cepa L.) seedlings are required for higher germinability and uniformity. This study was done to determine effects of various seed treatments (seed cleaning, priming, GA$_3$, prechilling, drying, and light quality during seed drying) on germination and seedling emergence. Nongwoodaego and Changnyungdaego were used as cultivars for checking seed germination, and two cultivars and Cheonjuguhyeonghwang were investigated with seedling production rate. Seed cleaning using water prior to the other treatments greatly increased germination rate. Priming with 200mM Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$ solution somewhat alleviated the germination rate while GA$_3$ did not. Prechilling had the highest rate among the treatments. Seed drying after prechilling enhanced the rate compared to non drying, and during drying the prechilled seeds red light illumination showed the greatest rate in comparison with dark, blue, and far-red ones. Seedling production rate was enhanced in sequential treatments of seed cleaning, prechilling for 3 to 5 days, and red light treatment during 6 hour seed drying.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1375-1380
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• 2012

We previously isolated a rhizobacterium (Bacillus subtilis IJ-31) and demonstrated that its associated allelochemicals could indicate plant growth retardation. However, little is known about how the growth of plants is regulated by B. subtilis IJ-31 and its allelochemicals. In this study, we investigated whether plant growth retardation in this relationship occurred through the inhibition of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. GA $3{\beta}$-hydroxylase activity was found to be inhibited by B. subtilis IJ-31 and hydrocinnamic acid (HCA), which is one of the allelochemicals produced by B. subtilis IJ-31. Additionally, thin layer chromatography (TLC) demonstrated that B. subtilis IJ-31 culture broth and HCA both inhibit GA $3{\beta}$-hydroxylase (MBP-GA4) activity. The retardation of plants by HCA was then confirmed in vivo and in vitro using a Ryegrass and Arabidopsis growth retardation assay. Furthermore, treatment with either B. subtilis IJ-31 culture extract or its allelochemicals resulted in significant down-regulation of XTR9 gene expression in Arabidopsis. Overall, we identified the functional mechanism of plant growth retardation by B. subtilis IJ-31 and its allelochemicals.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.360-365
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• 1993

The infant seedling of rice(8-to 10-day-old) has often suffered from submergence just after transplanting due to the too short seedling height, 5 to 8cm, This experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of gibberellic acid($GA_3 : 25% soluble liquid) with the application methods of foliar spray and seed-soaking on the elongation of seedling height of infant rice seedling in machine transplanting, We used a japonica rice variety, Hwaseongbyeo, and the seeding rate was 200g per seed tray(30$\times60$\times3cm). Generally,$GA_3 and Metalaxyl increased the elongation of seedling height of infant seedling while Tetracycle decreased the seedling height, To increase the seedling height of infant seedling, the foliar spary application of $GA_3 was better than seed-soaking treatment. The optimum concentration of $GA_3 for the foliar spray was about l0ppm and the optimum application time of $GA_3 was 3 to 4 days after sowing.