• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• v.67
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• pp.28-51
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• 2018

Graphitic carbon nitride ($g-C_3N_4$) as a fascinating visible light active semiconductor photocatalyst has medium band gap, non-toxic nature, stable chemical structure and high thermal stability. Recently, intensive researches are focused on photocatalytic activity of $g-C_3N_4$ for wastewater treatment. This review demonstrates latest progress in fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride $C_3N_4$ incorporated nanocomposite to explore photocatalytic ability for water purification. The $g-C_3N_4$-based nanocomposites were categorized as $g-C_3N_4$ metal-free nanocomposite, noble metals/$g-C_3N_4$ heterojunction, non-metal doped $g-C_3N_4$, transition and post transition metal based $g-C_3N_4$ nanocomposite. Apart from fabrication methods, we emphasized on elaborating the mechanism of activity enhancement during photocatalytic process.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.75-85
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• 2013

최근 다양한 모바일 스마트 기기 및 앱의 활발한 사용, 클라우드 서비스의 등장 등으로 과거 어느 때보다 전송속도에 대한 사용자의 요구가 증대하고 있다. 또한 WCDMA/HSPA, cdma2000/EV-DO, WiMAX 등의 복수 표준으로 대표되었던 3G/3.5G 때와는 달리 LTE가 4G의 거의 유일한 표준으로 정착되고 있는 상황이다. 본 논문은 LTE 기반으로 LTE보다 10배 빠른 전송속도들 달성하기 위해 연구되고 있는 B4G(Beyond 4G) 기술 및 동향에 대하여 기술한다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 1998

G009, a polysaccharide isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IYO09, showed a hepatoprotective activity against $CCl_4$ induced cytotoxicity in primary cu ltured rat hepatocytes. Incubation of $CCl_4$-intoxicated hepatocytes with G009 significantly reduced the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and sorbitol dehydrogenase released from hepatocytes in the medium. G009 showed antioxidative effect by elevating the activities of glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, and the content of glutathione in $CCl_4$-intoxidcated primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Furthermore, G009 significantly elevated glutathione-S-transferase activity in $CCl_4$-intoxicated primary cultured rat hepatocytes. G009 also reduced the production of malondialdehyde, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation. From these results, it could be concluded that G009 exerted hepatoprotective activity against $CCl_4$-induced cytotoxicity through antioxidation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.371-380
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• 2017

In this study, 17 kinds of polyphenols and 5 kinds of anthocyanins were analyzed to compare the contents of polyphenols and anthocyanins in 76 colored agricultural products. A total of 17 polyphenols were analyzed simultaneously by 9 phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, t-ferulic acid, t-cinnamic acid) and 8 flavonoids ((+)catechin, syringic aldehyde, rutin, epicatechin gallate, naringin, luteolin, naringenin, kaempferol) and 5 anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside) were simultaneously analyzed. The total content of 17 polyphenols was determined as seoritae $255.1{\pm}7.5{\mu}g/g$, seomoktae $275.8{\pm}5.3{\mu}g/g$, black rice $78.5{\pm}4.6{\mu}g/g$, black sesame $75.8{\pm}3.2{\mu}g/g$, blueberry $143.3{\pm}5.5{\mu}g/g$, aronia $195.2{\pm}4.9{\mu}g/g$ and blackcurrent $131.6{\pm}3.2{\mu}g/g$, the highest content was found in the order of seomoktae > seoritae > aronia > blueberry > blackcurrant > black rice > black sesame. The total content of 5 anthocyanins was determined as seoritae $82.4{\pm}17.2{\mu}g/g$, seomoktae $95.2{\pm}6.1{\mu}g/g$, black rice $74.1{\pm}9.7{\mu}g/g$, black sesame were not detected, blueberry $110.8{\pm}1.9{\mu}g/g$, aronia $218.9{\pm}6.1{\mu}g/g$ and blackcurrent $209.7{\pm}4.0{\mu}g/g$, the highest content was found in the order of aronia > blackcurrant > blueberry > seomoktae > seoritae > black rice. These results indicated that seomoktae and aronia possessed the high level of functional components and further study will be needed to develop high value-added foods based on the colored agricultural products.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.12B
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• pp.1601-1610
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• 2011

This paper discusses standardization activities, requirements and enabling technologies for 100G Ethernet and 100G OTN. The need of 100Gbps transport capacity has been gaining greater interest from service providers and carrier vendors. Moreover, optical transport networks based on OTN/DWDM are changing their properties to apply Ethernet traffic which is dramatically increasing. We realize and experimentally demonstrate OTU4 framer with commercial FPGA. The key features of the realized OTU4 framer are parallel signal processing function, multi-lane distribution function, GMP function and FEC function. The realized OTU4 framer has the large signal processing capacity of 120Gbps, which allows to transport about 120Gbps client signals such as $12{\times}10G$ Ethernet and $3{\times}40G$ Ethernet. The realized OTU4 framer has the advantages to quickly adjust to changing markets and new technologies by using commercial FPGA instead of ASIC.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.12 no.4 s.31
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• pp.247-258
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• 2006

This study was carried out to identify the change of glycoalkaloid contents and ascorbic acid in eggplant by parts and cooking methods. Content of glycoalkaloid by part of eggplant was the most in step part(A) as $31.1{\mu}g$ but it was shown that (A) and (C) contained more solamargine($6.9{\mu}g$) than solasonine, while (B) contained more solasonine($18.4{\mu}g$) than solamargine($6.9{\mu}g$). By cooking method, content of solamargine in eggplant varied; steaming ($6.2{\mu}g$), boiling ($7.0{\mu}g$), sauteing ($2.5{\mu}g$), microwave ($2.0{\mu}g$). Control group had $11.4{\mu}g$ solamargine and it contained solamargine most among them when boiled. Content of solasonine was in order of control ($4.88{\mu}g$)>steaming($3.40{\mu}g$)>microwave($1.2{\mu}g$)>boiling($0.6{\mu}g$)>sauteing(n.d.), and steaming showed the highest figure. As for content of ascorbic acid by part of eggplant, stem part had the most. That is, content of ascorbic acid decreased as from stem part under. Content of ascorbic acid of eggplant decreased greatly by cooking manipulation like other vegetables did, and the remaining amount showed control> sauteing> microwave> boiling> steaming in order.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.273-278
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• 2000

The chemical compositions as amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, and total polyphenolic compounds of the seeds of leek (Allium tuberusum) were analyzed. The antioxidative activity of water soluble extract from leek seeds was also tested in DPPH ($\alpha$, $\alpha$ - diphenyl-$\beta$ -picrylhydrazyl) method. The chemical compositions of leek seeds were moisture 4.4%, curde protein 25.7%, crude fat 16.6%, and crude ash 2.9%. Major amino acid compositions were proline 11 g, glutamic acid 4.9 g, arginine 2.1g, aspartic acid 1.6g, leucine 1.3g, valine 1.2 g, and methionine 1.1 g as per 100g. Mineral contents were K 215 ppm, Ca 142 ppm, Fe 124 ppm, and Mg 100 ppm. Major fatty acid compositions were linoleic acid 71.9%, oleic acid 12.7%, palmitic acid 8.6%, and stearic acid 1.4%. The changes of contents in polyphenolic compound from leek seeds caused by heat treatment were also listed in the following order; $20^{\circ}C$(364mg/100g), $40^{\circ}C$(462 mg/100g), and $60^{\circ}C$(551 mg/100g). Antioxidative activity as electron donating ability showed in the following order; 0.05% BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene)(45.6%)>0.05% water-extract(31.3%)>0.1% water extract(30.3%). On the basis of chemical analysis, the leek seedsshowed to have relatively high contents of nutrients as amino acids, minerals, fatty acids.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.379-382
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• 2001

To confirm the effect of food and water deprivation prior to Newcastle disease(ND) virus vaccination, three hundred chicks were divided into five groups with three replications. ND vaccine were sprayed to at 1 -day old chicks at commercial hatchery. Secondary and third vaccination was conducted at 2-week old and 24-day old chicks by LaSota strain. Control was conventionally vaccinated without withdrawing the food and water before or after vaccination. In group 2(G2) and 3(G3), LaSota strain was vaccinated to chicks before and after fasting the food and water for 3 and 2 hours, respectively. Group 4(G4) has the same fasting time of group 2, but supplemented the skim milk in vaccin dilution water. In group 5(G5), skim milk was added into group 3. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were weekly measured for 5 weeks. Blood was collected from wing vein at 24 and 35 days of age. Each serum antibody level were measured by hemagglutination inhibition(HI) test. The average weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion of all group were not significantly different. Weight gain of each groups was 1910.30(control), 1875.28(G2), 1952.12(G4) and 1896.05(G5), respectively. Feed intake of all group was recorded at 3160.67(control), 3167.07(G2), 3189.48(G3), 3157.85(G4) and 3178.16(G5), respectively. The feed conversion of each groups was 1.655(control), 1.688(G2), 1.633(G3), 1.699(G4) and 1.676(G5), respectively. The HI titer of G4 was $ 5.50{\Pm}$1.40 and significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05)(control : $4.36{\Pm}$1.87 , G2 : $5.18{\Pm}$2.14, G3 : $4.51{\Pm}$2.19, G : $5.28{\Pm}$1.58 at 35 days old. The results of this experiment indicated that two or three hours of fasting time before or after vaccination would be able to show the higher antibody level against ND virus.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.397-404
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of stocking density on eating and ruminating behavior of Hanwoo steers (Bos taurus coreanae) in the finishing period. A total of 30 finishing Hanwoo steers ($631.3{\pm}11.4$ kg, 25 months old) were allocated to one of four stocking density groups comprising 1, 2, 3, and 4 steers per 32 $m^2$ pen [G1 (32 $m^2$), G2 (16 $m^2$), G3 (10.7 $m^2$) and G4 (8 $m^2$), respectively] in triplicate. Eating, rumination behaviors, as well as dry matter intake of steers were measured, and the results were subjected to analysis of variance with stocking density as the main effect. The results of eating behaviors over 48 hours are summarized as follows: Total intake was significantly (p<0.01) higher in G1, G2, and G3 compared to G4. Eating time was not different among the treatments, whereas ruminating time increased in the order of G1 > G2 > G3 > G4 (p<0.01). However, resting time and chewing time (sum of eating and ruminating) were not significantly different among the treatments. Number of boluses and number of total chews were highest in G1 (p<0.01), whereas number of chews per bolus was highest in G3 (p<0.01). Ruminating time per bolus as well as number of boluses per minute was not significantly different among the treatments. Number of defecations was higher in G1 and G2 animals compared to G3 and G4 animals (p<0.01). However, stocking density had no effect on drinking or urination. In conclusion, increasing stocking density (i.e. G4) per pen decreased voluntary intake, ruminating time, and total chewing number in the finishing period of Hanwoo steers. However, care must be taken in discussing stocking density in the present study as the space allowance per animal was satisfactory to meet the current animal welfare regulation in Korea and in Europe, although the beef production system in Korea is more intensive than in Europe.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.6 s.101
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• pp.493-497
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• 2006

Two stage fermentations of glucose/xylose mixture which is similar composition with rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate were performed by Candida mogii ATCC 18364. In first stage, glucose was consumed rapidly for cell growth in aerobic condition (2 vvm, 300 rpm), then D-xylose was used for xylitol production in semi-aerobic condition (1 vvm, 300 rpm). After 4 days of fermentation, about $24\;g/{\ell}$ xylitol was produced with a yield of 0.58 g/g and volumetric productivity of $0.25\;g/{\ell}{\cdot}h$. To improve the xylitol yield by reduction of xylose consumption for cell growth and maintenance, D-glucose was continuously supplemented during the second stage of fermentation. By D-glucose feeding of $6.8\;g/{\ell}{\cdot}$ day, xylitol was produced up to $29\;g/{\ell}$ with a yield of 0.8 g/g and volumetric productivity $0.30\;g/{\ell}{\cdot}h$ which are 1.2-1.3 times higher than those obtained without D-glucose feeding.