• Title/Summary/Keyword: G2B contracts

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A Study on the Performance Evaluation of G2B Procurement Process Innovation by Using MAS: Korea G2B KONEPS Case (멀티에이전트시스템(MAS)을 이용한 G2B 조달 프로세스 혁신의 효과평가에 관한 연구 : 나라장터 G2B사례)

  • Seo, Won-Jun;Lee, Dae-Cheor;Lim, Gyoo-Gun
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.157-175
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    • 2012
  • It is difficult to evaluate the performance of process innovation of e-procurement which has large scale and complex processes. The existing evaluation methods for measuring the effects of process innovation have been mainly done with statistically quantitative methods by analyzing operational data or with qualitative methods by conducting surveys and interviews. However, these methods have some limitations to evaluate the effects because the performance evaluation of e-procurement process innovation should consider the interactions among participants who are active either directly or indirectly through the processes. This study considers the e-procurement process as a complex system and develops a simulation model based on MAS(Multi-Agent System) to evaluate the effects of e-procurement process innovation. Multi-agent based simulation allows observing interaction patterns of objects in virtual world through relationship among objects and their behavioral mechanism. Agent-based simulation is suitable especially for complex business problems. In this study, we used Netlogo Version 4.1.3 as a MAS simulation tool which was developed in Northwestern University. To do this, we developed a interaction model of agents in MAS environment. We defined process agents and task agents, and assigned their behavioral characteristics. The developed simulation model was applied to G2B system (KONEPS: Korea ON-line E-Procurement System) of Public Procurement Service (PPS) in Korea and used to evaluate the innovation effects of the G2B system. KONEPS is a successfully established e-procurement system started in the year 2002. KONEPS is a representative e-Procurement system which integrates characteristics of e-commerce into government for business procurement activities. KONEPS deserves the international recognition considering the annual transaction volume of 56 billion dollars, daily exchanges of electronic documents, users consisted of 121,000 suppliers and 37,000 public organizations, and the 4.5 billion dollars of cost saving. For the simulation, we analyzed the e-procurement of process of KONEPS into eight sub processes such as 'process 1: search products and acquisition of proposal', 'process 2 : review the methods of contracts and item features', 'process 3 : a notice of bid', 'process 4 : registration and confirmation of qualification', 'process 5 : bidding', 'process 6 : a screening test', 'process 7 : contracts', and 'process 8 : invoice and payment'. For the parameter settings of the agents behavior, we collected some data from the transactional database of PPS and some information by conducting a survey. The used data for the simulation are 'participants (government organizations, local government organizations and public institutions)', 'the number of bidding per year', 'the number of total contracts', 'the number of shopping mall transactions', 'the rate of contracts between bidding and shopping mall', 'the successful bidding ratio', and the estimated time for each process. The comparison was done for the difference of time consumption between 'before the innovation (As-was)' and 'after the innovation (As-is).' The results showed that there were productivity improvements in every eight sub processes. The decrease ratio of 'average number of task processing' was 92.7% and the decrease ratio of 'average time of task processing' was 95.4% in entire processes when we use G2B system comparing to the conventional method. Also, this study found that the process innovation effect will be enhanced if the task process related to the 'contract' can be improved. This study shows the usability and possibility of using MAS in process innovation evaluation and its modeling.

Causes of Change Orders in the Military Facility Construction Projects and Suggestions for Improvement (군사시설 건설사업의 설계변경 요인분석 및 개선방향)

  • Lee, Kyoung-Han;Choi, Jong-Soo
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.263-271
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    • 2013
  • Change orders have been widespread in both the private and public construction sectors. In particular, in the case of G2B (Government to Business) contracts, adjustment of contract price and/or schedule extension is a frequent occurrence due to change orders. To uncover the causes of change orders and suggest an appropriate strategy, this study analyzed 296 cases of change orders in military facility construction projects from 2008 to 2010. The analysis revealed that the major causes of change orders are users' additional requirements (28.38%), a change of finishing materials (23.99%), and change of footing type (17.57%), in that order. Building on the results of this analysis, the authors suggest plans for practical improvements. Specific recommendations include 1) reflect user requirements at the early stage, 2) minimize the use of additional budget due to change orders, and 3) reduce the process and time for contract amendment, among others. The results of this study may provide significant implications to those involved in military construction projects, particularly project owners (i.e., the Ministry of Defense) and contractors.

Recent Developments in Law of International Electronic Information Transactions (국제전자정보거래(國際電子情報去來)에 관한 입법동향(立法動向))

  • Hur, Hai-Kwan
    • THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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    • v.23
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    • pp.155-219
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    • 2004
  • This paper focuses on two recent legislative developments in electronic commerce: the "Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act" ("UCITA") of USA and the "preliminary draft convention on the use of data message in [international trade] [the context of international contracts]" ("preliminary draft Convention") of UNCITRAL. UCITA provides rules contracts for computer information transactions. UCITA supplies modified contract formation rules adapted to permit and to facilitate electronic contracting. UCITA also adjusts commonly recognized warranties as appropriate for computer information transactions; for example, to recognize the international context in connection with protection against infringement and misappropriation, and First Amendment considerations involved with informational content. Furthermore, UCITA adapts traditional rules as to what is acceptable performance to the context of computer information transactions, including providing rules for the protection of the parties concerning the electronic regulation of performance to clarify that the appropriate general rule is one of material breach with respect to cancellation (rather than so-called perfect tender). UCITA also supplies guidance in the case of certain specialized types of contracts, e.g., access contracts and for termination of contracts. While for the most part carrying over the familiar rules of Article 2 concerning breach when appropriate in the context of the tangible medium on which the information is fixed, but also adapting common law rules and rules from Article 2 on waiver, cure, assurance and anticipatory breach to the context of computer information transactions, UCITA provides a remedy structure somewhat modeled on that of Article 2 but adapted in significant respects to the different context of a computer information transaction. For example, UCITA contains very important limitations on the generally recognized common law right of self-help as applicable in the electronic context. The UNCITRAL's preliminary draft Convention applies to the use of data messages in connection with an existing or contemplated contract between parties whose places of business are in different States. Nothing in the Convention affects the application of any rule of law that may require the parties to disclose their identities, places of business or other information, or relieves a party from the legal consequences of making inaccurate or false statements in that regard. Likewise, nothing in the Convention requires a contract or any other communication, declaration, demand, notice or request that the parties are required to make or choose to make in connection with an existing or contemplated contract to be made or evidenced in any particular form. Under the Convention, a communication, declaration, demand, notice or request that the parties are required to make or choose to make in connection with an existing or contemplated contract, including an offer and the acceptance of an offer, is conveyed by means of data messages. Also, the Convention provides for use of automated information systems for contract formation: a contract formed by the interaction of an automated information system and a person, or by the interaction of automated information systems, shall not be denied on the sole ground that no person reviewed each of the individual actions carried out by such systems or the resulting agreement. Further, the Convention provides that, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a contract concluded by a person that accesses an automated information system of another party has no legal effect and is not enforceable if the person made an error in a data message and (a) the automated information system did not provide the person with an opportunity to prevent or correct the error; (b) the person notifies the other party of the error as soon as practicable when the person making the error learns of it and indicates that he or she made an error in the data message; (c) The person takes reasonable steps, including steps that conform to the other party's instructions, to return the goods or services received, if any, as a result of the error or, if instructed to do so, to destroy such goods or services.

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A Study on the Improvement Direction through the Analysis of the Legal System and Current Process of KONEPS (국가종합전자조달시스템의 제도 및 프로세스 고찰을 통한 개선 방향 연구)

  • Kim, Sang-Min;Lee, Hyun-Soo
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.15 no.11
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    • pp.23-35
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    • 2017
  • Since the beginning of 2002, KONEPS(Korea ON-line E-Procurement System) which is known with GePS(Government e-Procurement Service), has become a significant role in Korea public procurement service. This paper focuses on the amendments of the related laws and the practical improvement of inconveniences and inefficiencies in user's' position during the use of KONEPS. We analyzed the case of government procurement by major countries, the detailed process and function of KONEPS, and confirmed the revised procurement laws since the commencement of KONEPS. When a user of KONEPS makes an online purchase at the g2b shopping mall to purchase procurement goods, we analyzed focused on the inconvenience of option selection, user feedback after purchasing, unification of the purchase procedure, compared with general online shopping purchase. This paper suggests practical ways to improve the inconveniences and inefficiencies that arise in the process of procurement and use from KONEPS. It is necessary to study on the construction contracts and the empirical studies based on the questionnaire on the functions of procurement law and research model for the cases used in this study in the future.