• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 1998

The pattern of rice cultivation in Korea is changing from hand transplanting and machine transplanting into direct-seeding for low input and cost-down practices. However, there are still some obstacles to establish the direct-seeding cultural practices because of poor seedling stand, lodging, and weed infestation. In particular, there were much more and wide weed occurrence in direct-seeding rice as compared with the transplanted rice. Weed occurrence in terms of dry weight of weeds was highest in dry direct-seeded rice followed by sowing an puddled soil, sowing on submerged soil in order as compared with transplanting with infant rice seedling. Echinochloa crux-galli was a common dominant weed with 35~44% distribution in any direct-seeding methods. The dominant weed species were E. crux-galli, Cyperus difformis, C. serotinus, and Ludwigia prostrata in dry-seeded rice. The dominant weed species in water-seeded rice were E. crus-galli, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Scirpus juncoides, and Monochoria vaginalis. Yield loss of rice due to weeds at weedy condition was 96% in dry direct-seeded rice. In water-seeded rice, yield loss was 61%, whereas yield loss was 40% in machine transplanting with infant rice seedling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.548-554
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the immune activity of Mosidae and the physiochemical characteristics of brown rice Dasik prepared with Mosidae (Adenophora remotiflora) powder. We assessed the effects of Mosidae ethanol extract (MEE) on the production of IL-6T, IL-12 and TNF-$\alpha$ by peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) using ELISA. We also determined general compositions, and conducted Hunter's color values, sensory evaluation, and the mechanical characteristics of Mosidae Dasik stored at room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$). With MEE treatment, ILI-6 (75% of LPS: positive control), IL-12 (35.7% of LPS) and TNF-$\alpha$ (27.32% of LPS) were proliferated at a dose of $1000{\mu}g/mL$. In the general compositions of the samples, fat contents of Mosidae Dasik significantly decreased (p<0.05). The more Mosidae powder was added to the samples, the more was the luminance, and Hunter's a and b were significantly decreased (p<0.05). As more Mosidae powder was added to the samples, springiness score was significantly decreased, but the score of hardness, gumminess and chewiness were increased (p<0.05). The results of sensory evaluation showed that there were significant differences in the color, taste and overall quality of the samples (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in texture. We note that, among the samples evaluated herein, Mosidae stimulates some kinds of cytokines from machrophage and 1% Mosidae Dasik (MPD1) for the best commercial value.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.723-735
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• 1998

Background : Vitamin C has been reported to have a role in the decrease of airway hyperresponsiveness in animal models. This data is based on some metabolic actions of vitamin C, such as promotion of histamine degradation, producing more $PGE_2$ than $PGF_{2\alpha}$ in cyclooxygenase pathway, decrease of smooth muscle contraction, and acting as reducing agent of oxidant. It has been also known that heavy smokers have lower blood levels of vitamin C than nonsmokers and this deficiency in heavy smokers have been explained by several mechanisms, such as increased oxidation by oxidants and free radicals, increased biosynthesis of catecholamine and serotonin released by nicotine, and inadequate dietary intake. In this study, We attempted to assess effect of vitamin C on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in heavy smokers who have bronchial hyperresponsiveness and role of vitamin C on bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Method: To assess acute effect of vitamin C on airway hyperresponsiveness, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were done in 17 smokers and 8 nonsmokers, and one hour after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were repeated. To assess chronic effect of vitamin C on airway hyperresponsiveness, after daily administration of vitamin C 1 g for one week in 17 smokers, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were done. To assess role of vitamin C, after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g plus indomethacin 100 mg in 12 of 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test, spirometry and methacholine challenge test were done and after oral intake of indomethacin 100 mg in 12 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test, spirometry and methacholine challenge test were repeated. Result: There were no significant differences in whole blood vitamin C levels between smokers($1.17{\pm}0.22$ mg/dL) and nonsmcikers($1.14{\pm}0.19$ mg/dL) (p>0.05). Fifteen of the 17 smokers(88.2%) were reactive to methacholine challenge test and 10 of the 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test were less than 8 mg/dL in $PC_{20}FEV-2$, and 7 of the 8 nonsmokers(87.5%) were nonreactive to methacholine challenge test There were significant decrease in bronchial responsiveness after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g in 13 of the 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test This significant decrease persisted with maintenance daily administration of 1 g for one week. $PC_{20}FEV-2$ were not correlated to vitamin C levels in smokers. After oral administration of indomethacin 100 mg, significant reduction of bronchial responsiveness that occured after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g in smokers were attenuated. Conclusion: Although there were no significant differences in whole blood vitamin C levels between smokers and nonsmokers. heavy smokers have significant increase in bronchial responsiveness than nonsmokers. This bronchial hyperresponsiveness of heavy smokers can be attenuated by vitamin C supplement. Disappearance of vitamin C effect by indomethacin supplement may suggest that vitamin C exert its effect via alteration of arachidonic acid metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.723-731
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• 1995

P $b_2$S $r_2$( $Y_{1-x}$ C $a_{x}$)C $u_3$ $O_{8+}$$\delta$/ samples were prepared with x=0.4~0.6 and small $\delta$. To minimize the extent of oxidative decomposition reaction which occurs during the preparation of this phase, two annealing steps were adopted : First, sintered samples of P $b_2$S $r_2$( $Y_{1-x}$ C $a_{x}$)C $u_3$ $O_{8+}$$\delta$/ are oxygenated under 100% $O_2$, which leads to a large $\delta$(e.g., $\delta$=1.8). Second, the resulting samples are deoxygenated under 0.1~1.0% $O_2$in $N_2$, lowering $\delta$ to desired values. This two-step annealing procedure minimized the extent of oxidative decomposition. However, even with the two-step annealing procedure, the oxidative decomposition of P $b_2$S $r_2$( $Y_{1-x}$ C $a_{x}$)C $u_3$ $O_{8+}$$\delta$/ cannot be completely suppressed if $\delta$ is to be reduced to maximize $T_{c}$. Electrical resistivity data show that $T_{c}$(onset) is a function of hole concentration in the Cu $O_2$layer, and the optimum hole concentration for the maximum $T_{c}$ is achieved when $Ca^{2+}$is substituted for $Y^{3+}$between 0.5 and 0.6 A $T_{c}$(onset)=80K has been observed for one such sample, and this is the highest $T_{c}$(onset) yet reported for this compound.ed for this compound.nd.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the sanitary and nutritional requirements for the industrialization of commercial kwamegi from Pacific herring Clupea pallasii (CK-PH). The proximate composition of CK-PH was 46.4-47.2% moisture, 24.7-25.6% crude protein, 23.6-25.2% crude lipid, and 2.5-2.9% ash, which differed significantly from that of commercial kwamegi from the Pacific saury Cololabis saira. According to the volatile basic nitrogen content, heavy metal content, and viable cell and coliform group counts, products K and F (prepared by a general process) maintained their freshness, whereas product T (treated with green tea extract) did not. Products K and F contained five types of biogenic amine: agmatine sulfate (2,596 and 2,067 mg/kg, respectively), putrescine dihydrochloride (8.5 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively), cadaverine (3.7 and 3.9 mg/kg, respectively), histamine (17.0 and 12.4 mg/kg, respectively), and spermidine (8.7 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively). Product T contained six amine types: tyramine (12.5 mg/kg), agmatine sulfate (2,723 mg/kg), putrescine dihydrochloride (29.4 mg/kg), cadaverine (321.6 mg/kg), histamine (45.3 mg/kg), and spermidine (13.6 mg/kg). The total amino acid content of product K (22.16/100g) was 5.8% lower than that of product F. The major amino acids of products K and F were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, and lysine. No difference was found in the fatty acid composition of products K and F. The major fatty acids in products K and F were 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. Based on the recommended daily dietary allowances for Koreans, the significant minerals in products K and F were calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.716-723
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• 1995

The fucoidan purified from Korean brown seaweed, Ecklonia stolonifera was characterized on molecular structure and blood anticoagulant activities. Extraction was conducted at $100^{\circ}C$ with water and repeated twice. The crude fucodian was 151.1g out of 20.0 kg of Ecklonia stolonifera. The Fucoidan-1, which was purified from crude fucoidan using calcium chloride and cetyl pyridium chloride (CPC), was 35.2% against crude fucoidan. Fucoidan-5 was obtained approximately 28.1% from Fucoidan-1 through DEAE-Toyopearl 650 M ion-exchange column chromatography and showed one band by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The molecular weight of Fucoidan-5 was estimated to be about 21,000∼23,000 dalton by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography. Fucoidan-5 consists of 35.7% of fucose and 4.3% of galactose and the molar ratio of fucose and sulfate was about one to one. IR spectrum of Fucoidan-5 showed absorption at $1240\;cm^{-1}\;and\;850\;cm^{-1}$ and specific rotation value, $[\alpha]$, was $[\alpha]$. These results suggests that the sulfate maybe bind at $C_{4}$ carbon on ${\alpha}-L-fucose$. Gas chromatograph of methyl alditol acetate revealed that Fucoidan-5 is a fucose containing sulfated polysaccharide with $({\alpha}l-2)\;or\;({\alpha}l-2)$ glycosidic linkage. Anti-thrombin activity of the Fucoidan-5 was estimated as 1.4 time stronger than heparin. From above results, the purification methods using CPC and ion exchange chromatography is effective tools for obtaining highly purified fucoidan from Gompi, Ecklonia stolonifera.