• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1081-1090
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop a functional porridge prepared with mulberry leaf and mulberry fruit powder, which can ameliorate hypertension. The experiment was designed according to the central composite design. For optimization of the mixture ratio of mulberry leaf powder (MLP) and mulberry fruit powder (MFP), the independent variables were defined as MLP (X1) and MFP (X2) and the dependent variables were defined as K (Y1), Na (Y2), ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Y3), cyanidin-3-glycoside (C3G) (Y4), rutin (Y5), and flavonoid (Y6). The optimal MLP to MFP mixture ratio according to the response surface method were 5.41 g of MLP and 2.65 g of MFP. The amounts of K, Na, GABA, C3G, rutin, and flavonoid in the optimal MLP and MFP mixture were 1,844.22 mg/100 g, 52.74 mg/100 g, 139.98 mg/100 g, 1,134.89 mg/100 g, 101.56 mg/100 g, and 201.28 mg/100 g, respectively. The amounts of Ca, K, Mg, and Na in the functional porridge at this optimal point were 27.66 mg/100 g, 131.32 mg/100 g, 19.57 mg/100 g, and 3.59 mg/100 g, respectively. Overall, this functional porridge can help reduce hypertension.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.197-201
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• 2020

In order to enhance the extraction efficiency of flavonoid from Saururus chinensis, carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme Viscozyme L aided extraction techniques have been studied. Then flavonoid composition, as well as quercetin, were also identified using UV/Vis, HPLC/MS, and ¹H-NMR. The results showed that favorable extraction conditions were Viscozyme L concentration of 0.25 mg/g, pH 4.2, reaction at 45 ℃ for 12 h. Under the favorable extraction condition, total flavonoid yield (37.9 mg/g) and quercetin yield (0.86 mg/g) increased by about 2.0 and 9.6 times, respectively, compared to control group. Interestingly, as a significant flavonoid of S. chinensis, flavonoid glycones rutin was hydrolyzed to aglycones quercetin by Viscozyme L. These findings provide scientific and theoretical support for the development quercetin-rich products, which was quickly absorbed by the human body than rutin.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2006

This study was carried to investigate the effect of soil texture on the growth and the contents of quercetin-glycoside and lignans, and to improve the qualities of Saururus chinensis Baill. Soil texture resulted no significant effects on the number of nodes, the number of leaves, the number of branches and dry matter ratio. However, the shoot dry weight was higher in sandy loam, loam, silt loam and sand soil in that order. Although the weight of rhizomes of below 5 mm in diameter was not significantly different among soil textures, the weight of rhizomes between 5.1 and 10.9 mm and the weight of rhizomes of above 11 mm in diameter ranged $437{\sim}465\;g$ and was larger in clay loam than in other soil textures. No significance difference was showed in rhizome dry ratio ranging from 19.1 to 20.8%. The amount of quercetin-glycoside in leaves was higher in loam and sandy loam and ranged from 219.3 to 222.4 mg/100 g of quercetin-glycoside quercitrin, rutin, isoquercitrin and hyperin were higher in that order. On the other hand, quercetin-glycoside contents in stem were 14.8 mg/100 g and 12.4 mg/100 g in sandy and sandy loam, respectively, and were higher than in other soil textures of quercetin-glycoside constituents, the content of rutin was the highest. The content of lignans was increased in clay loam, loam, sandy loam, and sandy in that order of lignans, the manassatin B was the highest.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.446-459
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• 2020

This study analyzed the phenotypes and chemotypes of 74 tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) germplasms using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The average seed size of tartary buckwheat germplasm was 5.2 × 3.4 mm, which is smaller than the seed size of common buckwheat. The dark browned colored ovate or elliptic shape was mostly observed in collected germplasm. The average content of rutin was 1,393 mg per 100 g dry weight (DW) in tartary buckwheat seed. Similarly, the flavonoid and polyphenol contents ranged from 253 to 2,669 and 209 to 1,823 mg, respectively, per 100 g DW in the collected germplasm. The three components (PC1, 2, and 3) of principal component analysis revealed 68.55% of the total variance of the collected accessions. Cluster analysis using descriptors showed that 74 accessions were clustered into five groups. The study showed that the most interesting resources for functional breeding programs are: Five resources (HLB1004, HLB1005, HLB1007, HLB1009, and HLB1013) due to the rich rutin, polyphenol, and flavonoid.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1004-1011
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• 2016

Flavonoids, non-nutrient secondary metabolites of plants, are widely distributed in commonly consumed agro-food resources. Flavonoids include aglycones, and their glycosides are reported to have potential health-promoting compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate flavonoid glycosides in the fruit and leaves of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis (Bunge) Rehder (jujube). A total of six flavonoids (five flavonols and one chalcone) were identified in jujube fruit and leaves by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry along with chemical library and an internal standard. In positive ion mode, six flavonoids were linked to the C- and O-glycosides which were conjugated with sugar moieties based on kaempferol, quercetin, and phloretin aglycones. Total flavonoid contents of leaves (8,356.5 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)) was approximately 900-fold higher than that of fruit (fresh fruit, 13.6 mg/100 g dry DW; sun-dried fruits, 9.2 mg/100 g dry DW). Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) and quercetin 3-O-robinobioside were the predominant flavonols in fruit and leaves of jujube. In particular, rutin had the highest content (6,735.2 mg/100 g DW) in leaves, and rutin is a widely reported bioactive compound. Phloretin 3',5'-di-C-glucoside (chalcone type) was detected only in leaves. The leaves of jujube contain a high content of flavonoids and the results of this study indicate that jujube leaves may be a source of bioactive flavonoids.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 2014

Isoquercitrin (IQ), quercetin monoglycoside, is classified as a polyphenol, and a minute quantity of IQ is known to be present in several plants. Recently, it was reported that IQ can be prepared by the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of quercetin diglycoside (rutin, RU). In this paper, the effects of enzyme types, enzyme amounts, and substrate concentrations on the reactivity were investigated using a series of $Pecinex^{TM}$ multi-enzymes. The reaction, when a 8 ml of Ultra Clear to 1 g of RU was applied with the substrate concentration of 1% at $50^{\circ}C$, was found to be optimum, based on the reaction rate and the selectivity to IQ.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2015

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and antioxidative activity of soymilk added with buckwheat sprout (SBS), and sensory properties of SBS were analyzed with control soymilk (CS). Moisture content decreased while protein, ash, and lipid contents increased according to content of buckwheat sprout. Solids content and viscosity tended to increase with addition of buckwheat sprout from 0% (CS) to 2.5% (2.5SBS), 3.5% (3.5SBS), and 4.5% (4.5SBS). SBS was found the significant pH drop from 7.08 to 6.43, 6.34, and 6.21. Suspension stability of soymilk slightly decreased with addition of buckwheat sprout. Hunter's color value L of SBS decreased while a and b values increased in comparison with CS. Rutin content was measured 23.78 mg/100 g (2.5SBS), 39.68 mg/100 g (3.5SBS), and 44.80mg/100 g (4.5SBS). Vitamin C content in SBS was higher than CS. Daidzin content increased as buckwheat sprout was added. Total phenolic content increased from 100.95 mg/100 g (CS) up to 315.71 mg/100 g (4.5SBS). For free radical scavenging activity, SBS was significantly higher than CS. In conclusion, SBS can be used as a functional food with higher amounts of rutin, vitamin C, total phenolics, and daidzin. 2.5SBS and 3.5SBS also showed better overall quality characteristics.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 1992

Green buckwheat seedlings have been used as a pollution free vegetable and medicinal crop for a long time. Some of the reasons are the rapid growth rate, the high protein and rutincontent, and a more favorable ratio of leaf to stem than mature plants. Off-crop season cultivation techniques were developed for growing the young and green buckwheat vegetable of higher quality and yield, and for its increased value-added income. The effects of planting season, seeding rate, seed bed soil fertility and type, and seedling growth period on yield and rutin content were determined for vegetable and medicinal use. The young vegetable yields. in the off season culture ranged from 2.62t/ha to 22.7t /ha. The highest vegetable yield was 22.7t /ha for 25 days old seedlings grown in the polyethylene film tunnel from March 30 to April 25, 1991 where seedling rate was 360kg /ha. Buckwheat vegetable quality and income were dependent upon planting season, seeding rate, growing duration and temperature, and facilities of raising seedlings. Protein content of buck-wheat seedlings was from 21.5% to 17.2%. Rutin content of the vegetable was 53.9～31.7mg /100g for the whole plant in average. The protein and rutin content was significantly varied due to the different environmental conditions including fertility and type of seed bed soil, growing duration, temperature of the green house, and polyethylene film house and tunnel.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 1998

To increase the solubility of quercetin, which is a practically insoluble flavonoid of Ginkgo biloba leaf, the effects of nonaqueous vehicles. Their cosolvents, water-sol uble polymers and modified cyclodextrins (CDs) were observed. Polyethylene glycols, diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, and their cosolvents with water showed a good solvency toward quercetin. Also the aqueous solutions of povidone, copolyvidone and Cremophor RH 40 was effective in solubilizing quercetin. Complex formation of quercetin with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (${\beta}$-CD), dimethyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextiin (DMCD), 2-hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether (SBCD) in water was investigated by solubility method at $37^{\circ}C$. The addition of CDs in water markedly increased the solubility of quercetin with increasing the concentration. AL type phase solubility diagrams were obtained with CDs studied. Solubilizaton efficiency by CDs was in the order of SBCD >> DMCD > HPCD > ${\beta}$-CD. The dissolution rates of quercetin from solid dispersions with copolyvidone, povidone and HPCD were much faster than those of drug alone and corresponding physical mixtures, and exceeded the equilibrium solubility (3.03${\pm}1.72{\mu}$g/ml). The permeation of quercetin through duodenal mucosa did not occur even in the presence of enhancers such as bile salts, but the permeation was observed when the mucus layer was scraped off. This was due to the fact that quercetin had a strong binding to mucin ($58.5{\mu}$g/mg mucin). However rutin was permeable to the duodenal mucosa. The addition of enhancer significantly increased the permeation of rutin in the order of sodium glycocholate.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.2 s.51
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• pp.197-206
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• 2005

In the present study, the Chuncheon buckwheat extracts prepared from its seed coats, seeds and stems were used to determine anti-oxidative effects, the content of rutin and phytic acid, and the protective role against cadmium at the cellular level. futhermore, it was evaluated whether the buckwheat, mainly known as a healthy food source, might be applicable to functional cosmetics. Up to $100 {\mu}g/mL$ of the extract was not toxic in HaCaT and B16F10 cell lines using MTT assay. The anti-oxidative capacity of superoxide radicals was shown in seed coats extracts > stem extracts=seed extracts. Although its content of rutin, known as one of effective anti-oxidants, mainly exists in the stem, any extract did not eliminate hydroxyl radicals. Phytic acid, known as a heavy metal-chelate agent, was highly concentrated in the stem. The Chuncheon buckwheat extract had $10\%$ protective effect against the treatment of $50{\mu}M$ cadmium at which $50\%$ of HaCaT cells survived. Confocal laser scanning microscope revealed the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by cadmium treatment. Finally, we identified that the stem extract had the most protective effect on the elimination of ROS.