• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제39권5호
• /
• pp.345-351
• /
• 2009

Organic cation transporters (OCTs) are important for absorption, elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs and environmental toxins. This gene is located in a cluster on chromosome 6 and OCTs are in major organs such as intestine, liver, kidney, brain and placenta. Therefore, expression levels and function of OCTs directly affect plasma levels and intracellular concentrations of drugs and thereby determine therapeutic response. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of the SNPs on OCT1 (C181T and C1022T) and OCT2 (G808T) to analyze haplotype frequency in healthy Korean population. Human subjects have been genotyped for OCT1 (C181T for 195 subjects and C1022T for 825 subjects), using polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic tests (RFLP). And for OCT2 (G808T), a total of 861 subjects have been genotyped, using pyrosequencing method. Haplotype was statistically inferred using an algorithm based on the expectation-maximization (EM). OCT1 C181T genotyping showed 100% homozygous wild-type (C/C). OCT1 C1022T genotyping showed wild-type (C/C), heterozygous (C/T) and homozygous mutant-type (T/T) and each accounted for 72.1, 24.5 and 3.4%, respectively. OCT2 G808T genotyping results also showed homozygous wild-type (G/G), heterozygous (G/T) and homozygous mutant-type (T/T) and each took 81.8, 17.9 and 0.3%, respectively. Based on these genotype data, haplotype analysis between OCT1 C181T and OCT1 C1022T has proceeded. The result has revealed that linkage disequilibrium between alleles is not obvious (P=0.0122).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제38권6호
• /
• pp.365-372
• /
• 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of the SNPs on MDR1 exon 12, 21 and 26 in Korean population and to analyze haplotype frequency on MDR1 exon 12, 21 and 26 in Korean population. A total of 426 healthy subjects was genotyped for MDR1, using polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic tests. Haplotype was statistically inferred using an algorithm based on the expectation-maximization (EM). MDR1 C1236T genotyping revealed that the frequency for homozygous wild-type (C/C), heterozygous (C/T) and for homozygous mutant-type (T/T) was 20.19%, 46.48% and 33.33%, respectively. MDR1 G2677T/A genotyping revealed that the frequency for homozygous G/G, heterozygous G/T, homozygous T/T, heterozygous G/A, heterozygous T/A and for homozygous A/A type was 30.75%, 42.26%, 9.86%, 7.51 %, 7.04% and 2.58%, respectively. MDR1 C3435T genotyping revealed that the frequency for homozygous wild-type (C/C), heterozygous (C/T) and for homozygous mutant-type (T/T) was 38.73%, 50.24% and 11.03%, respectively. Twelve haplotypes were observed. Of the three major haplotypes identified (CGC, TTT and TGC), the CGC haplotype were mainly predominant in the Korean populations and accounted for 29.96% of total haplotype in Korean.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.46-56
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 운전자들의 보호/비보호 좌회전(PPLT: Protected/Permitted and Left-Turn) 신호운영에 대한 만족도에 미치는 영향요인을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 운전자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 도로이용자의 다양한 요인(개인속성, 운전태도, PPLT의 기대심리 등)이 PPLT 만족도에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위한 구조방정식 모형을 구축하였다. 모형구축 결과, 모형의 적합도는 Q값, RMR, GIF, AGIF, NFI 모두 적합도기준(Critical value)에 만족되었으며, PPLT 운영에 대한 만족도는 사회경력과 운전경력이 비교적 길고 교통 관련 분야에 종사하는 남성의 선호도가 상대적으로 높고, 사고 경험이 없는 운전자인의 경우 PPLT 운영에 대한 선호도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, PPLT에 대한 만족도는 PPLT 운영으로 인한 교통안전 및 교통운영 증진, 환경개선 등의 기대가 높아질수록 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, PPLT 운영은 교통사고가 상대적으로 적게 발생되는 도심에 우선 적용하는 것이 바람직하고, PPLT의 도입효과를 높이기 위해서는 PPLT 운영에 대한 긍정적인 기대효과가 함양될 수 있도록 효과에 대한 적극적인 홍보가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국표면공학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표회 초록집
• /
• pp.73-73
• /
• 2001

Boron-containing materials have several excellent properties, such as superlnardness, insulation and non-Rinear optical property. Recently, oxynitride compounds, such as Si(ON), Ti(ON), became the promising materials applied in diffusion barrier layer and solar cell. With the expectation of obtaining the hybrid property, we have firstly grown the BON thin film by radio frequency (R.F.) plasma enhanced metalorganic chemical vapm deposition (PEMOCVD) with 100 kHz frequency and trimethyl borate precursor. The plasma source gases used in this study were Ar and $H_2$, and two kinds of nhmgen source gases, $N_2$ and <$NH_3$, were also employed. The as-grown films were characterized by XPS, IR, SEM and Knoop microlhardness tester. The relationship between the films hardness and the growth rate indicated that the hardness of the film was dependent on several factors such as nitrogen source gas, substrate temperature and film thickness due to the variation of the composition and the structure of the film. Both nitrogen and carbon content could raise the film hardness, on which nitrogen content did stronger effect than carbon. The smooth morphology and continuous structure was benefit of obtaining high hardness. The maximum hardness of BON film was about 10 GPa.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.44-50
• /
• 2012

Pattern discovery in biological sequences (e.g., DNA sequences) is one of the most challenging tasks in computational biology and bioinformatics. So far, in most approaches, the number of occurrences is a major measure of determining whether a pattern is interesting or not. In computational biology, however, a pattern that is not frequent may still be considered very informative if its actual support frequency exceeds the prior expectation by a large margin. In this paper, we propose a new interesting measure that can provide meaningful biological information. We also propose an efficient index-based method for mining such interesting patterns. Experimental results show that our approach can find interesting patterns within an acceptable computation time.

• 전자통신동향분석
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.86-97
• /
• 2016

빛의 반사시간 및 산란정보를 측정하여 기상정보를 수집하던 초기 라이다 기술은 실내외 3차원 정보를 확보하는 센서 기술로 응용 영역을 확대하고 있다. 특히 최근에는 자율주행차/스마트카를 중심으로 차량/보행자의 안전과 고도화된 자율주행 성능을 위하여 차량 주변 환경에 대한 3차원 좌표를 고속으로 획득하는 라이다 기술의 중요성이 부각되고 있으며, 이에 따라 관련 기술에 대한 이해와 동향파악이 필요하다. 이에 본고에서는 차량에 적용될 수 있는 라이다 기반 3차원 영상센서 기술 전반에 대한 리뷰를 진행하고, 자율주행차/스마트카 시장에서 핵심이슈 및 기술별 대응 특징을 소개한다. 아울러 3차원 센서기술의 글로벌 경쟁상황을 기반으로 향후 차량용 라이다 기술의 발전방향을 전망해 본다.

• East Asian mathematical journal
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.45-55
• /
• 2008

We consider an M/G/1 queue with $P^M_{\lambda}$-service policy, which is a two-stage service policy. The server starts to serve with rate 1 if a job arrives to the sever in idle state. If the workload of the system upcrosses $\lambda$, then the service rate is changed to M and this rate continues until the system is empty. It costs to change the service rate to M and maintaining the rate. When the expectation of the stationary workload is supposed to be less than a given value, we derive the optimal value of M.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.123-136
• /
• 2004

In recent years, although far behind, the "e-Trade (B to G)" is propelled vigorously in Japan. But the diffusion of the "e-Trade" among companies (B to B) represented by bolero.net does not meet expectation. This paper carried out the questionnaire survey to the enterprises, which adopt bolero.net and examined why the diffusion is stagnated to the measures for its future spread. As a result, the top 3 adoption factors are: (1) Transaction climate, (2) Top management support, and (3) Operational improvement. In other words, it depends that top management has the will, which adopts e-trade positively among the reliable business partners and the operational performances can improve efficiently by carrying e-trade. We would like to clarify what will be crucial to spur the diffusion in the future. Based on the findings from the result, the concrete key points to promote the spread are to be indicated as follows: (1) Improve the scores of "Cost" and "Competitive pressure" (2) Improve the institutional factor.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.31.3-31.3
• /
• 2016

Exploring a universe with gravitational waves (GWs) was only theoretical expectation for long time. In September 2015, the Laser Interferometer GW Observatory (LIGO) first detected GWs emitted from the collision of two stellar-mass black holes in cosmological distance (1.3 billion light years) on Earth. This confirms the existence of black-hole binary mergers, and further, opens a new field of GW astronomy. We begin our discussion with a list of important GW sources that can be detectable on Earth by large-scale laser interferometers such as LIGO. Focusing on compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes, we then discuss possible research in the context of GW astronomy. By coordinating with existing observatories, searching for electromagnetic waves or particles from astronomical objects, around the world, multi-messenger astronomy for the universe's most cataclysmic phenomena (e.g. gamma-ray bursts) will be available in the near future.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2005

This paper deals with the problem of multiuser detection over a direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) channel with incomplete channel state informations (I-CSI). We devise and assess two novel recursive detectors based on the expectation conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm and the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) principle, respectively. Both receivers entail an affordable computational complexity. Moreover, the performance assessment, conducted via Monte Carlo techniques, shows that they achieve satisfactory performance levels and outperform linear detectors.