• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.80-96
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• 2016

Recently, a series of lawsuits were filed in Korea claiming tort liability against tobacco companies. The Supreme Court has already issued decisions in some cases, while others are still pending. The primary issue in these cases is whether the epidemiological evidence submitted by the plaintiffs clearly proves the causal relationship between smoking and disease as required by civil law. Proving causation is difficult in tobacco lawsuits because factors other than smoking are involved in the development of a disease, and also because of the lapse of time between smoking and the manifestation of the disease. The Supreme Court (Supreme Court Decision, 2011Da22092, April 10, 2014) has imposed some limitations on using epidemiological evidence to prove causation in tobacco lawsuits filed by smokers and their family members, but these limitations should be reconsidered. First, the Court stated that a disease can be categorized as specific or non-specific, and for each disease type, causation can be proven by different types of evidence. However, the concept of specific diseases is not compatible with multifactor theory, which is generally accepted in the field of public health. Second, when the epidemiological association between the disease and the risk factor is proven to be significant, imposing additional burdens of proof on the plaintiff may considerably limit the plaintiff's right to recovery, but the Court required the plaintiffs to provide additional information such as health condition and lifestyle. Third, the Supreme Court is not giving greater weight to the evidential value of epidemiological study results because the Court focuses on the fact that these studies were group-level, not individual-level. However, group-level studies could still offer valuable information about individual members of the group, e.g., probability of causation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.500-505
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cooking methods (cooking apparatus and reaction level of oxygen) on the rancidity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and furans produced while cooking deep-fired instant noodles. The sample rancidities showed a decreasing trend regardless of the cooking apparatus, as the available oxygen content in the cooking pot was reduced. In particular, soaking and then cooking using a microwave oven was found to be the most effective method to retard rancidity development. The ROS concentration after cooking had a similar trend to the rancidity. The furan concentrations of the samples significantly decreased under all cooking conditions as compared to the control, and the lowest value was 10.69 ppb for the sample cooked in a microwave oven without a cooking pot lid after soaking. The results indicate that cooking in a microwave oven with soaking was the most effective method for the oxidative stability of deep-fried instant noodles.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.797-808
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• 2016

The experiment of grape leafroller (Herpetogramma luctuosalis) was carried out at Okcheon area from 2007 to 2009 and 2015. The grape leafroller had been occurred at a campbell early' organic vineyard in Okcheon. It's larva was rolling the leaf of grape and ate the leaf. So the leaf of grape decreased. In organic vineyards, adult grape leafroller' generation rate per year showed the first peak in mid-June, the second peak in early -August and the third in mid-September. The larva showed the first peak in early July and the second peak in late August-early September. The grape leaf roller had three generations per year. And it took $60.9{\pm}1.09days$ from egg to adult in growth chamber (VS-91G09M-1300) which the relative humidity conditions was $60{\pm}10%$, temperature $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ and photoperiod 16L:8D (The egg : $12{\pm}0days$, larvae : $22.2{\pm}0.22days$, pupa : $10.6{\pm}0.75days$ and adult : $16.1{\pm}0.45days$). It was conducted to find out the effect of microbial pesticide treatments to control H. luctuosalis. The 4 microbial pesticides (Bacillus thurigiensis) were treated twice on the grape leaves in June 11 and 21 at an organic vineyard in Okcheon. On 10 days after last treatment, the control value of all microbial pesticides were more than 95%. When the dates of spraying to the grape leaves were on May 22, June 12 and July 2 each, the effects of microbial pesticide were 73.9%, 93.5% and 43.6% respectively. As a result, it was effective that Bt was sprayed to grape leaves on mid and late June for controling the H. luctuosalis in organic vineyard. And microbial pesticide Bt was thought to be useful to control the grape leafroller in organic vineyard.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2000

Purpose: Renal involvement is the most important prognostic factor of HSP. Therefore, the pathogenesis and prognostic factors in renal involvement have been studied by many researchers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical risk factors and the role of TNF-$\alpha$ in renal involvement of HS purpura. Methods: The subjects of this study were 12 patients of HS purpura, 7 patients of HS nephritis, and 5 age-matched controls. We have analysed the rist factors for renal involvement in clinical symptoms and collected the sera and urines of all subjects in acute and convalescent stage. The concentration of TNF-$\alpha$ in the collected sera and urines were measured by sandwich ELISA and compared with that of age-matched controls. Results: Statistical analysis showed that persistent purpura increased the risk of developing renal involvement (P=0.0018). and serum TNF-$\alpha$ levels in the acute stage of patients with renal involvement($11.45{\pm}7.01$ pg/ml) were significantly higher than those of without renal involvement($6.32{\pm}1.31$pg/m1) and of age-matched controls($5.99{\pm}1.34$pg/m1)(P=0.012, 0.027, respectively). However, urine TNF-$\alpha$ levels have no correlation with renal involvement. On investigation of serum TNF-$\alpha$ levels in acute stage of HS purpura, persistent purpura had a significantly higher increase(P=0.038). Conclusion: Serum concentration of TNF-$\alpha$ is a risk factor and has a predictable value along with clinical risk factors, such as, persistent purpura for renal involvement in HS purpura. Also, the effectiveness of the specific treatment fur antagonizing TNF-$\alpha$ in HS nephritis may need further study.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2001

The objectives or this study were to examine reed value or waste onion in duck. Experimental chicks (Cherry Valley F$_1$, 1day old, 350 chicks) were randomly assigned in 8 treatment groups, each 45 chicks, and man-aged for 7 weeks (3 kg BW, 49 days old). Treatments were control, 3%, 6% of chopped onion-fed, 5%, 10% of onion extract fed, 6% of onion meal, 3%, 6% of fermented onion-fed. Feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) high in control group, but ADG was high in 3% chopped onion-fed group. Feed requirement was very efficient in all treatment groups except 6% fermented onion-fed group. Dressing rate was high in 5% onion extract-fed group, but it was not significant. Abdominal fat was the highest in control and 6% fermented onion-fed group and lowest in 6% chopped onion-fed group. Cholesterol content was lower in all treatment groups than in control group, but it was not significantly different. Stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) content was significantly low in all treatment group (P<0.05). However, arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$) content was higher in treatment group than in control group. In result, onion diet was not significantly effect on palatability, feed intake, ADG in ducks. Duck meat of onion-fed contained low cho-lesterol and high unsaturated fat content.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2015

To image diagnosis in neurovascular diseases using Multi-Detector Computed Tomography(MDCT), injected the same contrast material when inspecting Brain Computed Tomography Angiography(BCTA) to examine radiation dose and Image quality on changing Cerebral Artery CT number by tube voltage. Executed an examination with same condition[Beam Collimation $128{\times}0.6mm$, Pitch 0.6, Rotation Time 0.5s, Slice Thickness 5.0mm, Increment 5.0mm, Delay Time 3.0sec, Care Dose 4D(Demension ; D)] except for tube voltage on 50 call patients for BCTA and divided them into two groups (25 people for a group, group A: 80, group B: 120kVp). From all the acquired images, set a ROI(Region of Interest) on four spots such as left cerebral artery, right cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery and cerebral parenchyma to compare quantitative evaluation, qualitative evaluation and effective dose after measuring CT number value from Picture Archiving Communications System(PACS). Evaluating images with CT number acquired from BCTA examination, images with 80 kVp was 18% higher in Signal to Noise Ratio and 19% in Contrast to Noise Ratio than those with 120 kVp. It was seen that expose dose was decreased by over 50% with tube voltage 80 kVp than with 120 kVp. Group A (25 patients) was examination with tube voltage 80kVp while group B with 120 kVp to examine radiation dose and Image quality. It is considered effective to inspect with lower tube voltage than with conventional high kVp, which can reduce radiation dose without any affect on diagnosis.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2008

Purpose : The aim of this study was to predict radiation dose at 1 meter with BMI(body mass index) in thyroid cancer patients treated with radio-iodine and provide the efficient guideline in the management of patients. Methods : 140 patients from thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer were enrolled. All subjects under went 150 mCi radio-iodine therapy and performed whole body scan 1 week later. BMI(weight divided by square of height) was calculated to evaluate the amount of fatty tissue indirectly. The radiation dose at 1 meter was measured initially and on 2nd days. the relation of values with BMI were analyzed statically. As for the method of statistical analysis, using Med calc Version 9,2,2,0 Program. Results : (1) The initial effective dose was inversely correlated with the BMI. Significance level was 0.0004. (2) We obtained the following formula from the data of initial effective dose and BMI: Y = -30.91X + 350.4(${\mu}Sv/h$)(Y: initial radiation dose, x: Group). (3) After 21.55 hours, than radiation dose was less than those recommended by ICRP or NRC in 53% of the population. Conclusion : Using BMI, the initial radiation dose and 2nd days dose can be predicted in thyroid cancer patients before radio-iodine therapy. It may be used for predicting the time of discharge and control the isolation room. We were able to predict the radiation exposure after discharge using this calculated value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.300-307
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• 1997

The effects of Aster scaber and Ixeris dentata on cadiovascular system in hyperlipidemic rats were examined. Five groups of thirty Sprague Dawley rats were fed with the diet contained 1% cholesterol, 0.25% sodium cholate, 10% coconut oil and 5% lard(control group) for 4 weeks. Each experimental diet group was added with 5% plant powder or extract of the 5% plant powder by dry weight. Contractile or relaxation responses in the isolated artria and thoracic aortae were measured and the morphological changes of the aortic endotherium from the rats fed the experimental diet were inspected. In response to isoproterenol, the number of right atrial spontaneous beat was significantly lower in Cham chyi powder group$(PP_{1})$ and Sumbagui powder group$(PP_{2})$ than control at $10^(-8)M$ concentration. The contraction forces by injection of phenylephrine and calcium in isolated thoracic aorta were significantly low in each experimental groups compared with the control. The relaxation rates by acetylcholine represented comparatively higher value in $PP_{1}$ than control. The morphological changes of endothelial cell surface was a little in $PP_{1}$ and $PP_{2}$ compared with control, while the damages were considerably advanced in Cham chyi and Sumgbagui extract diet group$(PE_{1},\;PE_{2})$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.687-694
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• 2003

Purpose : Regeneration and repair after ischemic renal injury appears to be modulated by circulating or locally produced growth factors. This study examined the changes of serum insulin like growth factor(IGF-I) and renal expression of IGF-I and II, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$($TGF-{\beta}$), and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) during the active regeneration period after acute ischemic injury. Methods : Sera and kidney tissue samples(whole kidney, cortex, outer medullae and inner medullae) were obtained before and after one, three, five and seven days of 40 minutes bilateral renal pedicle clamping. Acute renal failure was assessed by measuring the concentration of serum creatinine. Serum IGF-I level was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mRNA expression in kidney was measured by RT-PCR. The distribution of IGF-I and CTGF was detected by immunohistochemistry. Resuts : Serum IGF-I concentration after one day following acute ischemic renal injury was significantly decreased compared to preischemic value. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and VEGF in whole kidney were temporally decreased on day one of ischemic injury. IGF-I and IGF-II expressions in outer medullae were significantly decreased on day one after ischemic injury. $TGF-{\beta}1$, CTGF and VEGF expressions were markedly decreased in medullae after one day of ischemic injury compared to other kidney sections. IGF-I was markedly decreased in cortical tubules on day one of uremic rat. CTGF was markedly increased on tubule within three days of ischemic injury. Conclusion : These findings suggest that IGFs, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and CTGF may involve in the pathogenesis or the recovery from acute ischemic renal injury.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.122-125
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• 2004

In radiotherapy of tumors in liver, enough planning target volume (PTV) margins are necessary to compensate breathing-related movement of tumor volumes. To overcome the problems, this study aims to obtain patients' body movements by using a moving phantom and an ultrasonic sensor, and to develop respiration gating techniques that can adjust patients' beds by using reversed values of the data obtained. The phantom made to measure patients' body movements is composed of a microprocessor (BS II, 20 MHz, 8K Byte), a sensor (Ultra-Sonic, range 3 cm ${\sim}$3 m), host computer (RS232C) and stepping motor (torque 2.3Kg) etc., and the program to control and operate it was developed. The program allows the phantom to move within the maximum range of 2 cm, its movements and corrections to take place in order, and x, y and z to move successively. After the moving phantom was adjusted by entering random movement data(three dimensional data form with distance of 2cm), and the phantom movements were acquired using the ultra sonic sensor, the two data were compared and analyzed. And then, after the movements by respiration were acquired by using guinea pigs, the real-time respiration gating techniques were drawn by operating the phantom with the reversed values of the data. The result of analyzing the acquisition-correction delay time for the three types of data values and about each value separately shows that the data values coincided with one another within 1% and that the acquisition-correction delay time was obtained real-time (2.34 ${\times}$ 10$^{-4}$sec). This study successfully confirms the clinic application possibility of respiration gating techniques by using a moving phantom and an ultra sonic sensor. With ongoing development of additional analysis system, which can be used in real-time set-up reproducibility analysis, it may be beneficially used in radiotherapy of moving tumors.