• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 1995

대구시내 중심가의 국민학교 4학년 학생 남녀 각 50명씩들을 대상으로 혈액, 두발 및 조갑 내의 연농도를 정량분석하고 이들 각 시료 내의 연농도의 상관관계를 조사한 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 혈액, 두발 및 발들의 평균 연농도는 각각 $6.00{\pm}2.44{\mu}g/dl,\;7.17{\pm}3.28{\mu}g/g,\;7.33{\pm}3.18{\mu}g/g$이었다. 혈중 연농도는 남학생이 $6.43{\pm}2.77{\mu}g/dl$, 여학생이 $5.59{\pm}2.01{\mu}g/dl$, 두발 중 연농도는 남학생이 $7.66{\pm}2.97{\mu}g/g$, 여학생이 $6.68{\pm}3.54{\mu}g/g$로 남학생에서 높았으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며, 발톱의 경우는 남학생에서 $8.19{\pm}3.54{\mu}g/g$, 여학생에서 $6.47{\pm}2.59{\mu}g/g$로 남학생에서 유의하게 높았다. 혈액, 두발과 발톱 중 연농도에 따른 학생들의 분포는 혈액은 남학생에서 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/dl(38%)$, 여학생에서는 $2.5\sim4.9{\mu}g/dl(42%)$에 전체적으로는 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/dl(41%)$에 가장 많이 분포하였다. 두발의 경우 남학생에서 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/g(32%)$, 여학생에서 $2.5\sim4.9{\mu}g/g(34%)$에 전체적으로는 $2.5\sim4.9{\mu}g/g(28%)$에 가장 많이 분포하였다. 발들에서는 남학생에서 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/g(34%)$, 여학생에서 $7.5\sim9.9{\mu}g/g(30%)$에 전체적으로는 $5.0\sim7.4{\mu}g/g(31%)$에 가장 많이 분포하였다. 또한 남학생의 8%, 여학생의 4%로 전체 학생들의 6%에서 혈액 중 연농도가 $10{\mu}g/dl$을 넘었다. 혈액, 두발과 발톱 사이의 연농도의 상관관계를 보면 남학생에서 혈액과 두발의 연농도 사이의 상관계수는 0.4909(p<0.001)(regression equation : Y(두발 중 연농도)=0.5255X(혈액 중 연농도)+4.2810)였으며, 여학생에서의 상관계수는 0.3778(p<0.001) (regression equation : Y(두발 중 연농도)=0.6655X(혈액 중 연농도)+2.9632)이었다. 남학생에서 혈액과 발톱 중 연농도 사이의 상관계수는 0.5533(p<0.01) (regression equation : Y(발톱 중 연농도)=0.7076X(혈액 중 연농도)+3.6472)였으며 여학생에서의 상관계수는 0.2738(regression equation : Y(발톱 중 연농도)=0.3431X(혈액 중 연농도)+4.5570이었다. 남학생에서 두발과 발톱 중 연농도 사이의 상관계수는 0.4148(p<0.001) (regression equation : Y(발들 중 연농도)=0.4956X(두발 중 연농도)+4.3986)였으며, 여학생에서의 상관계수는 0.1159(regression equation : Y(발톱 중 연농도)=0.0825X(두발 중 연농도)+5.9214)이었다. 본 연구의 결과에서 여학생의 두발과 발톱간을 제외하고, 대도시 남자 국민학교 학생들의 혈액, 두발, 발들의 연농도간의 유의한 관련성이 있으므로 혈액, 두발및 발톱을 연 폭로평가의 상호보완, 혹은 대체시료로써 이용의 가능성이 있다고 생각된다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.37-41
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the cadmium level in blood by age, gender, and smoking status among 162 elderly subjects in Gyeongnam Province from September 2006 to February 2007. The cadmium level in blood was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Subjects were classified according to smoking status and divided into smokers and non-smokers, smoking duration, daily smoking habits, age, and gender. Mean blood cadmium levels in male and female were $0.70{\pm}0.41{\mu}g/dL$ and $0.57{\pm}0.32{\mu}g/dL$ respectively, with no significant differences between the two groups. Cadmium levels in the blood of smokers and non-smokers were $0.57{\pm}0.32{\mu}g/dL$, $0.90{\pm}0.44{\mu}g/dL$ respectively, with the cadmium level of smokers being significantly higher than that of non-smokers. In comparison by age, cadmium levels in the blood of subjects over the age 70 years and over the age 80 years were $0.91{\pm}0.44{\mu}g/dL$, $1.02{\pm}0.39{\mu}g/dL$ respectively, showing a significantly higher blood cadmium level than that of non-smokers. when compared by the amount of daily cigarette consumption, there were no significant differences in the blood cadmium level between groups. However when compared by smoking duration, the blood cadmium level for the group of smoking duration of over 10 years was $1.15{\pm}0.38{\mu}g/dL$, significantly higher than $0.67{\pm}0.31{\mu}g/dL$ for the group of smoking duration of less than 10 years. In conclusion, longer smoking duration and older aged group showed higher cadmium level in blood. For more reliable results, further study of the elements that elevate the cadmium level in blood with more subjects and study variables will be needed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2004

본 연구는 여러 가지 원인으로 사망한 한국산 희귀조류 4목 16종 76개체를 이용하여 납과 카드뮴의 조직 축적레벨을 밝히고 오염수준을 비교 검토하였다. 남의 경우 전반적으로 간보다 신장과 뼈에서 높은 농도를 나타냈다. 간조직에는 평균농도는 0.47 ㎍/wet g(큰고니 Cygnus cygnus)∼3.74 ㎍/et g(쇠부엉이 Asio flammeus)의 범위를 나타냈고, 납의 독성 여부를 수준별로 보면 비오염수준인 2 ㎍/wet g 이하에 해당하는 개체가 51.3%(39개체), 오염수준이 10 ㎍/wet g 이상에 해당하는 개체가 2.6%(2개체)로 나타났다. 따라서 상당수의 한국산 희귀조류가 만성적인 납 오염에 노출되어 있는 것으로 판단된다. 카드뮴의 경우 신장조직에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 간과 뼈에서는 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 신장조직에서의 평균농도는 0.06 ㎍/wet g(수리부엉이)∼1.75 ㎍/wet g(새홀리기 Falco subbuteo)의 범위를 나타냈고 소쩍새 1개체를 제외하고 모두 비오염 수준에 해당하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.880-886
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• 1997

Ab initio calculations were carried out on the gas phase acid-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions of sulfinamide using the 3-21G* basis sets. Single point calculations were also performed at the MP2/6-31G* level. The first step in the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-methylmethanesulfinamide, Ⅰ, involves protonation. The most favorable form is the O-protonated one, Ⅱ, which is then transformed into a sulfurane intermediate, Ⅲ, by addition of a water molecule. The reaction proceeds further by an intramolecular proton transfer from O to N (TS2), which is followed by N-S bond cleavage (TS3) leading to the final products. The rate determining step is the N-S bond cleavage (TS3) at the RHF/3-21G* level, whereas it becomes indeterminable at the MP2/6-31G*//3-21G* level of theory. However, the substituent effect studies with N-protonated N-arylmethanesulfinamide, ⅩⅢ, at the MP2/6-31G*//3-21G* level support the N-S bond breaking step as rate limiting.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.681-689
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• 2011

Yakkong germinated for 48 h at $23^{\circ}C$(48G), which showed the highest isoflavone content, was prepared with no heat treatment(48G-NH) or with additional heat treatment entailing 20 min boiling(48G-20B) or 15 min roasting(48G-15R). After being ground, each powder was substituted for rice flour by 10, 20, or 30% in rice cookies and compare with the control(100% rice flour cookies). The rice cookies containing 20 or 30% 48G-NH showed the highest crispness in texture and the lowest spreadability. The rice cookies containing 48G-20B and 48G-15R did not show a change in spreadibility, regardless of substitution level. For the rice cookies with 48G-15R, when the substitution level increased to 30%, the crispness decreased and hardness increased. The rice cookies with 48G-20B showed the lowest crispness regardless of substitution level. In terms of color, rice cookies substituted with Yakkong powder showed lower L and higher a* values than the control, however there were no tendencies related to b* value change. In sensory testing, rice cookies substituted with YK-48G had an improved quality, especially in flavor and texture as well as in function. The most acceptable substitution level was 20% of 48G-15R.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2000

Morphine or butorphanol was continuously infused into cerebroventricle (i.c.v.) with the rate of $26\;nmol/{\mu}l/h$ for 3 days, and the withdrawal from opioid was rendered 7 hrs after the stopping of infusion. The expression of physical dependence produced by these opioids was evaluated by measuring the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs. The withdrawal signs produced in animals dependent on butorphanol (kappa opioid receptor agonist) were similar to those of morphine (mu opioid receptor agonist). Besides the behavioral modifications, opioid withdrawal affected G protein expression in the central nervous system. The G-protein ${\alpha}-subunit$ has been implicated in opioid tolerance and withdrawal. The effects of continuous infusion of morphine or butorphanol on the modulation of G protein ${\alpha}-subunit$ mRNA were investigated by using in situ hybridization study. In situ hybridization showed that the levels of $G\;{\alpha}s$ and $G\;{\alpha}i$ were changed during opioid withdrawal. Specifically, the level of $G\;{\alpha}s$ mRNA was decreased in the cortex and cerebellar granule layer during the morphine and butorphanol withdrawal. The level of $G\;{\alpha}i$ mRNA was decreased in the dentate gyrus and cerebellar granule layer during the morphine withdrawal. However, the level of $G\;{\alpha}i$ mRNA was significantly elevated during the butorphanol withdrawal. These results suggest that region-specific changes of G protein ${\alpha}-subunit$ mRNA were involved in the withdrawal from morphine and butorphanol.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.195-208
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• 2004

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Aconiti Tuber on the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level in mice stimulated by intracerebroventricular(I.C.V.) Injection of Lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Method: 6 mice were assigned to each of the normal group, the control group, and the experimental group. In the normal group only saline was administered intragastrically, and in the control group LPS was injected intracerebro-ventricularly 1 hr after intragastric administration of saline. In the experimental groups (Aconiti Tuber 0.5g/kg, Aconiti Tuber 1.0g/kg, Aconiti Tuber 3.0g/kg) each sample was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to the stimulation by LPS I.C.V. Injection. To measure the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level of mice, their blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexus, immediately centrifuged at $4^{\circ}C$, and plasma was removed and stored frozen at $-83^{\circ}C$ for later determination of plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Result : 1. LPS I.C.V. Injection increased plasma IL-6 level significantly in a dose-dependent manner compared with normal group(P<0.01). The plasma IL-6 concentration reached a significant maximal level about 1 hr after LPS I.C.V. Injection(P<0.001). LPS I.C.V. Injection increased plasma $TNF-{\alpha}$ level significantly in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05). The plasma $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration reached a significant maximal level about 1 hr after LPS I.C.V. Injection(P<0.001). 2. Sample A group to which Aconiti Tuber(0.5g/kg) was administered intragastrically 1 hr prior to the stimulation by LPS I.C.V. Injection showed insignificant lower plasma IL-6 level in 1 hr than control group(P<0.0635), and sample B group (Aconiti Tuber 1.0g/kg) showed significant lower plasma IL-6 level in 1 hr than control group(P〈0.05), and sample C group (Aconiti Tuber 3.0g/kg) showed significant lower IL-6 plasma level in 1 hr than control group(P<0.01). 3. sample A group to which Aconiti Tuber(0.5g/kg) was administered intragastrically 1 hr prior to the stimulation by LPS I.C.V. Injection showed insignificant lower plasma $TNF-{\alpha}$ level in 1 hr than control group(P>0.05), and Both sample B(1.0g/kg) and sample C(3.0g/kg) groups showed significant lower $TNF-{\alpha}$ plasma level in 1 hr than control group(P<0.01). These data revealed that Aconiti Tuber might have the anti inflammatory effect by reducing the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level in a dose dependent manner in mice LPS I.C.V. Injection.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.131-153
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• 2001

The author measured IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 levels of 22 ears-11 ears of them had treated by antibiotics, 11 of them by Kami-hyunggyeyungyotang-of pediatric recurrent otitis media with effusion using ELISA assay, and compared them. The results were obtained as follows. 1. The level of IgG1 in Kami-hyunggyeyungyotang group was significantly higher than that in antibiotics group(P=0.002). 2. The level of IgG2 in Kami-hyunggyeyungyotang group was higher than that in antibiotics group(P=0.178). 3. The level of IgG3 in Kami-hyunggyeyungyotang group was higher than that in antibiotics group(P=0.215). 4. The level of IgG4 in Kami-hyunggyeyungyotang group was higher than that in antibiotics group(P=0.198). According to above results, Kami-hyunggyeyungyotang is considered to be used for treatment 'recurrent otitis media with effusion' by controlling the production of immunoglobulins.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.68-72
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• 1990

저온에서 일어나는 식물생육의 억제와 식물생장조절물질의 하나인 IAA 수준의 조절을 알아보기 위하여 암실재배한 백색 완두유묘를 재료로 저온처리에 따른 생육과 IAA 수준의 변화를 조사하였다. $25^{\circ}C$에서 성장한 백색 완두유묘는 $5^{\circ}C$의 저온에 접하면 생장이 거의 정지하였다. 유리 IAA 수준은 생체중 기준 상온묘의 17.6 ng/g에서 3일간 저온처리시에 4.9 ng/g으로, 총 IAA 수준은 113.2 ng/g에서 60.8 ng/g으로 현저하게 감소하였다. IAA의 전구체인 트립토판 수준은 생체중 기준 상온묘의 583 nmol/g에서 저온처리시에 414 nmol/g으로 약 30 % 감소하였으며, 시킴산경로에 의하여 트립토판과 함께 생합성되는 페닐알라닌과 티로신 수준도 감소하였다. 이 결과는 저온에서 IAA의 전구체인 트립토판 생합성의 억제를 통하여 IAA 수준을 일부 하향조절할 수 있을 것임을 시사한다.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1998년도 Proceedings of UNESCO-internetwork Cooperative Regional Seminar and Workshop on Bioassay Guided Isolation of Bioactive Substances from Natural Products and Microbial Products
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• pp.108-113
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• 1998

Egasyn is accessory protein of ${\beta}$-glucuronidase(${\beta}$-G) in the liver microsomes. Liver microsomal ${\beta}$-G is stabilized within the luminal site of the microsomal vesicles by complexation with egasyn which is one of carboxylesterase isozymes. We investigated the effects of organophosphorus compounds(OPs) such as insecticides on the dissociation of egasyn-${\beta}$-glucuronidase(EG) complex. The EG complex was easily dissociated by administration of OPs, i.e., Fenitrothion, EPN, Phenthionate, and bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate(BNPP), and resulting ${\beta}$-G dissociated was released into blood, leading to the rapid and transient increase of plasma ${\beta}$-G level with a concomitant decrease of liver microsomal ${\beta}$-G level. In a case of phenthionate treatment, less increase in plasma ${\beta}$-G level was observed, as compared with those of other OPs. This may be explained by a fact that phenthionate was easily hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase. Similarly, carbamate insecticides such as Carbaryl caused rapid increase of plasma ${\beta}$-G level. In contrast, no significant increase of plasma ${\beta}$-G level was observed when pyrethroid insecticides were administered to rats. This is due to a fact that pyrethroids such as Phenthrin and Allethrin were easily hydrolyzed by A-esterase as well as carboxylesterase. On the other hand, addition of OPs to the incubation mixture containing liver microsomes caused the release of ${\beta}$-G from microsomes to the medium. From these in vivo and in vitro data, it is concluded that increase of the plasma ${\beta}$-G level after OPs administration is much more sensitive biomarker than cholinesterase inhibition to acute intoxication of OPs and carbamates.