• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.424-434
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• 1989

식품공장 폐수에는 각종 유기물을 다량 함유하고 있다. 이와 같은 식품공장 폐기물의 미생물학적 처리효과를 검토하는 동시에 폐수 중에서 배양된 곰팡이 균체 단백질을 분리 회수함으로 해서 폐수처리비용을 절검하고, 단백질 함량이 높은 균체단백사료를 개발할 목적으로 식품공장 폐수의 BOD 및 COD를 낮은 수준으로 감소시키고 증식속도가 빠르며 균체수율이 높고 고농도의 단백질을 함유하며 소화율이 높은 균체를 생산할 수 있는 곰팡이로 Aspergillus fumigatus를 분리 선발하였고, 선발된 균주의 최적배양조건인 $35{\sim}40^{circ}C,\;pH\;4.0{\sim}4.5$에서 pilot plant의 연속배양장치를 이용하여 주정공장 폐수를 기질로 하여 일정시간 동안 배양하여 폐수의 BOD, COD를 90% 이상 감소시켜 폐수정화를 도모할 수 있었으며 균체단백질을 기준 배합사료에 첨가하여 실시한 동물사양 시험 결과, 사양동물의 체중증가량과 단백질 이용율이 대조표준 시험구에 준할 수 있는 효과를 보여 주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.52-60
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted on 60 Hanwoo calves comprising five feed additive groups, with 12 calves in each group, to determine the effects of additives at pre- and post-weaning on growth performance and blood profile. The groups were control, antibiotic (Neomycin 110 ppm), illite (2%), fermented green tea probiotics (FGTP, 0.5%), and mixed additives (FGTP 0.25%, illite 1% and licorice 0.1%). The calves were offered experimental pellet feeds ad libitum and after one month were supplied with imported timothy hay. They moved freely within the group and suckled their mother' milk during the pre-weaning stage (birth to 3 months) and were separated from their dam during the post-weaning stage (4-5 months). During the pre-weaning stage, the highest average daily gain (ADG) was recorded in the antibiotic- and mixed additive-fed groups followed by FGTP, control and illite groups. In the post-weaning stage, significantly higher total weight gain and ADG were recorded in both the FGTP and mixed additive groups compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Feed efficiency of mixed additive- and illite-fed calves were almost similar with antibiotic-fed calves compared to the other two groups, but the ADG was lowest in illite-fed calves during the pre-weaning stage. In contrast, post-weaning calves fed FGTP and mixed additives showed better feed efficiency. The values of hematological indices, differential leukocyte count, blood proteins and immunoglobulin among the additive-fed calves were not significantly different (p>0.05), although hemoglobin and hematocrit values were lower in FGTP compared to control, but similar in mixed additive and antibiotic groups. These results indicate no detrimental effects of feed additives on the blood profile of calves at both pre- and post-weaning age. Serum albumin in post-weaning calves of all feed additive groups were similar but significantly lower (p<0.05) than in the control group. Post-weaning, IgM was significantly lower (p<0.05) in illite-fed calves compared to other treatment groups, but there was no difference at pre-weaning. Considering all factors, the mixed feed additives and FGTP can be the replacement feed formula for antibiotic for Hanwoo beef calf production, especially when used post- weaning.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.957-964
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the level of cortisol hormone and immune-related serum proteins in weaned calves after experimentally induced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Holstein neonatal calves (n = 21; 8 males and 13 females, BW = $42.2{\pm}6.15$ kg) were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments: SBM (control calf starter having soybean meal (SBM) as a main protein source) and FSBM (substitute SBM in control diet with FSBM) groups. All calves were fed milk replacer using an automatic milk-feeder according to step-down milking method and weaned at 7 weeks old. Experimental diets were given to calves ad libitum throughout the experimental period. For LPS challenge, all calves except negative control animals given phosphate buffered saline (PBS), were injected subcutaneously with Salmonella typhimurium LPS on day 7 (D7) after weaning (D0). No significant difference in growth performance and milk intake was observed between SBM and FSBM calves. Feeding FSBM diet resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher LPS-specific IgG at D12 and D19 and LPS-specific IgA at D19 in peripheral blood. Calves fed with FSBM diet also had significantly (p<0.05) higher concentration of serum haptoglobin (Hp) at D8. Overall concentration of cortisol in FSBM group was considerably lower than that of SBM group. Results from current study indicate that FSBM may provide beneficial effects in alleviating weaning stress and enhance immune status of weaned calves.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2010

e-Lectin은 당 결합 단백질과 세포 응집 단백질로서, 식물방어의 역할도 하는데 방울토마토 열매의 locular fluid에는 곰팡이로부터 식물의 보호 기능을 하는 것으로 생각되는 chitin 결합 lectin이 들어 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 방울토마토의 locular fluid로부터 최종적으로 Sephadex G-200을 통과시켜 lectin을 분리한 다음, 이의 항균성과 분자량, 적혈구 응집력, 혈액특이성, 최적 온도, 열 안정성 및 최적 pH 등의 생화학적 특성을 연구하였다. 식물성 병원균인 4개의 균주 중 Cladosporium cucumerinum과 Monosporascus cannonballus에 대해서는 항균 활성을 나타내었으나, Fusarium oxysporum과 Rhizoctonia solani에 대해서는 항균 활성을 나타내지 않았다. SDS-PAGE의 결과, 2개의 band로 나타났으며, 이의 분자량을 표준 단백질을 이용 측정하여 87 kDa와 47 kDa로 계산되었다. 사람의 A, B, O, AB형의 혈액을 사용하여 각각의 혈구응집반응을 확인한 결과, A, B, O, AB형 모두에서 응집반응이 일어났으며, 이 중 B형 혈액에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 분리된 방울토마토 locular fluid lectin의 최적 반응 온도는 $30^{\circ}C$이며, 가장 높은 $30^{\circ}C$를 포함하는 $20-80^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 열 안정성을 보였고, 최적 pH는 7.0이다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2020

Barley is an important cereal gain which is traditionally used in some nations of Asia and North Africa, and there has been growing interest in using barley as an ingredient in food due to their nutritional value and high content of phyto-constituents. However, no study report on comparative feed value between sprouted barley, cornflake and alfalfa hay. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, amino acid profile and mineral content of 6 day sprouted barley fodder (SBF) compared with cornflake and alfalfa hay using by AOAC method, as an alternative feed ingredient. Results showed that SBF had higher content of crude protein, acid detergent insoluble crude proteins and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein than alfalfa hay and cornflake; cornflake had higher crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber content than SBF and alfalfa hay; alfalfa hay had higher crude fiber, crude ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and lignin level than SBF and cornflake. Also, significant differences were found on amino acid content among them (p<0.01). The most abundant amino acid in SBF was glutamate (123 g/kg DM), which is higher than in alfalfa hay (1.27%) or cornflake (1.58%). However, methionine (1.33%) and cysteine (1.53%) were the least abundant amino acids in SBF compared with cornflake or alfalfa hay. Furthermore, our study results exhibited that SBE comprise a good sources of minerals including ferrous (90.01 mg/kg) followed by zinc (20.50 mg/kg), magnesium (0.20 mg/kg) and sodium (0.03 mg/kg) as compared to cornflake and alfalfa hay. The present research findings, confirmed that the nutritional values of SBF are comparable to those of cornflake and alfalfa hay. Hence, SBF can be a better alternative feed ingredient for cornflake or alfalfa hay. However, feeding trials will be required to determine acceptability of SBF for ruminant production.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1063-1069
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• 2014

활성산소는 피부손상을 일으키는 지질, 단백질, DNA의 산화를 유발시킨다. 더욱이활성산소는 기미, 검버섯, 주근깨를 생성하는 멜라닌생성과정을 촉진시킨다. 수많은 생약재중에서, 백복령, 감초, 유백피는 각각 parchymic acid, glabridin 및 flavonoid 를 함유하고 있다고 보고되어 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 기능성 미백화장품을 개발하기 위하여 B16F1 세포에서 백복령, 감초, 유백피 혼합추출물(PGUE)의 항산화 및 미백효과를 조사하는 것이다. PGUE는 높은 환원력 뿐만 아니라 DPPH radical 및 지질과산화 억제효과를 나타내었다. 항산화효과 뿐만 아니라 PGUE는 양성대조군으로 사용된 arbutin과 비교하여 melanogenesis와 관련 있는 tyrosinase 효소활성을 크게 감소 시켰다. 더욱이 PGUE는 살아있는 melanome세포에서 melanin합성을 억제하였다. 또한 PGUE는 superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1)및 tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) 단백질 발현을 억제시킨다는 것이 발견되었다. 이러한 결과들은 PGUE가 피부에 대한 항산화효과 및 미백효과를 가지고 있다는 것을 나타내어, 기능성 미백화장품의 개발을 위한 유효한 성분으로 이용되어 질 수 있다는 것을 암시하고 있다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2006

마늘과 마늘의 황화합물은 여러 가지 미생물(그람양성 및 음성 세균, 곰팡이, 효모, 원생동물)의 번식을 저해하므로 마늘을 감염증치료에 쓰고자 하는 노력이 많았고 따라서 병원성 미생물에 대한 번식저해연구가 많이 수행되었다. 마늘에 의한 병원성 미생물의 번식저해작용을 연구한 대상 미생물 중에서 세균으로는 Staphylococcus aureus가 가장 많이 연구되었고 기타 많은 종류의 그람음성 및 앙성 병원성 세균이 연구대상이었다. 효모와 곰팡이를 통털어 Candide albicans의 번식저해 연구가 전체 진균류 연구의 대부분을 차지하였다. 특이하게 Giardia intestinalis에 대한 연구보고도 있었으며 마늘은 시험한 대부분의 미생물에 대해 강력한 천연 항균제로서 인정되었다. 마늘은 원래 가열하지 않은 생마늘이어야 알린이 alliinase 효소에 의해 분해되어 강력한 항균물질인 알리신을 생성하게 되므로 주로 생마늘의 항균작용연구가 주를 이루었다 알리신은 불안정하여 저장중에 분해되어 여러 가지 물질로 변화하게 되는 데 알리신이 분해되어 생성되는 ajoene이나 기타 여러 가지 sulfide류 역시 세균이나 효모에 매우 강력한 항균작용을 나타낸다. 마늘의 알리신이 나타내는 항균작용은 thiosulfinate기가 미생물의 대사에 중요한 역할을 하는 효소중에서 -SH 기를 가지는 효소단백질과 결합하여 불활성화시키기 때문에 결과적으로 미생물이 사멸하는 것으로 설명되고 있다. 하지만 이와 같은 일반적인 독성 메카니즘 이외에 특이한 효소에 특이하게 저해작용을 나타낸다는 가설이 있고 그 중에서도 지방산 합성에 관여하는 효소를 저해하기 때문이라는 의견이 많다. 최근에 식품의 조리 온도에서 가열한 마늘이 항균작용이 있는 것이 발견되었는데 그 작용은 주로 항진균작용이며 그 항균작용물질은 알린이 열분해 되어 생성되는 allyl alcohol인 것으로 보고되었다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.202-208
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• 1999

Schizophrenia has many clinical expressions and probably different etiologic factors. Infections, autoimmune mechanism and related neurodevelopmental abnormalities have been suggested as possible etiologic factors of schizophrenia. It has been reported that immunoreactivity to heat shock proteins, which play a protective role against environmental stresses in a cell, might be related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Therefore, we examined the immunoreactivity to heat shock protein 70kDa and 90kDa(HSP70 and 90) in 91 patients with schizophrenia and 83 normal controls. Ig G antibodies to HSP70 and 90 of sera were quantitated by ELISA. The optical density(OD) was measured by an automated microplate reader at a wavelength of 490nm. The amounts of antibodies to HSPs were expressed as arbitrary units(AU)/ml related to a standard serum. The limit for elevated antibody titers(anti-HSPs positive or negative) was set at two standard deviations added to the mean of the normal controls. Twenty nine(31.9%) of the 91 patients showed anti-HSP70 positive and 19(20.9%) of those showed anti-HSP90 positive. On the other hand, only 1(1.4%) of the normal controls and 4(4.8%) of those showed anti-HSP70 positive and anti-HSP90 positive, respectively. The titers of anti-HSP70 positive were related with BPRS scores, while those of anti-HSP90 positive were not. There were no relationship between antibody titers and clinical variables including age at onset, duration of illness, family history of schizophrenia or number of admission. The titers of anti-HSP70 positive were significantly associated with anti-HSP90 positive. Our results suggest the presence of abnormal immune reactivity involving HSP70 and HSP90 in a subset of patients with schizophrenia.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.654-660
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• 2014

Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages cell molecules, and modifies cell signaling. The nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) is a critical transcription regulator, which protects cells against oxidative damage. Nrf2 expression is increased in a large number of cancers. However, little information has been reported regarding the expression of Nrf2 in skin cancers. Hence, we explored the expression of Nrf2 protein in skin cancers. Methods The Nrf2 protein expression in 24 specimens, including 6 malignant melanomas (MM), 6 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 6 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), and 6 normal skin tissues, was evaluated by western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining was performed. The expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), the key regulator of Nrf2, was also analyzed by western blotting. Results Small interfering RNA transfection to the melanoma cell line G361 confirmed that an approximately 66 kDa band was the true Nrf2 band. The western blot revealed that the Nrf2 protein was definitely expressed in normal skin tissues, but the Nrf2 expression was decreased in MM, SCC, and BCC. Immunohistochemical examination showed that expression of Nrf2 was decreased in all skin cancer tissues compared to the normal skin tissues. Keap1 was not expressed in all malignant skin tumors and normal skin tissues by western blot. Conclusions ROS was increased in various types of cancers which proteins were highly expressed or underexpressed. This study demonstrated that the expression of Nrf2 protein was down-regulated in human malignant skin tumors. We suggest that decreased expression of Nrf2 is related to skin cancers.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.409-418
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• 2018

Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living protozoa that are opportunistic pathogens for humans. Cysteine proteases of Acanthamoeba have been partially characterized, but their biochemical and functional properties are not clearly understood yet. In this study, we isolated a gene encoding cysteine protease of A. castellanii (AcCP) and its biochemical and functional properties were analyzed. Sequence analysis of AcCP suggests that this enzyme is a typical cathepsin L family cysteine protease, which shares similar structural characteristics with other cathepsin L-like enzymes. The recombinant AcCP showed enzymatic activity in acidic conditions with an optimum at pH 4.0. The recombinant enzyme effectively hydrolyzed human proteins including hemoglobin, albumin, immunoglobuins A and G, and fibronectin at acidic pH. AcCP mainly localized in lysosomal compartment and its expression was observed in both trophozoites and cysts. AcCP was also identified in cultured medium of A. castellanii. Considering to lysosomal localization, secretion or release by trophozoites and continuous expression in trophozoites and cysts, the enzyme could be a multifunctional enzyme that plays important biological functions for nutrition, development and pathogenicity of A. castellanii. These results also imply that AcCP can be a promising target for development of chemotherapeutic drug for Acanthamoeba infections.