• 핵의학기술
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2010

감시림프절 검사에는 $^{99m}Tc$-ASC, $^{99m}Tc$-Tin colloid, $^{99m}Tc$-HSA 등이 사용되었으나 공급 제한으로 간 스캔에 사용되고 있는 $^{99m}Tc$-phytate를 대체 방사성의약품으로 사용하고 있다. 이에 저자들은 phytate의 입자 크기 분포를 알아보고 200 nm 필터 사용유무에 따른 영상을 획득 분석하여 감시림프절 검사 시 필터 사용의 적절성을 판단하고자 하였다. Photal사의 ELS-8000 장비를 이용하여 phytate kit의 입자크기 분포를 측정 하였다. 동물 실험은 생후 12~15주령, 체중 250~300 g 암컷 백서를 사용하였으며, 전신 마취 후 앙와 위로 고정시켜 영상을 획득하였다. 비교군으로 여과시키지 않은 $^{99m}Tc$-phytate를 실험군으로는 200 nm 필터를 이용하여 여과시킨 $^{99m}Tc$-phytate를 백서의 발가락 사이에 피하주사 하였다. 6마리의 백서를 3~4일 간격으로 비교군과 대조군으로 그룹을 나누어 2회씩 실시 하였으며, 주사 후 1시간 지연영상을 얻은 후 서혜부에 관심영역을 설정하였으며 비정상적인 집적이 없는 부위를 선별하여 픽셀당 카운트를 얻었다. 세포 실험은 RAW 264.7 세포를 이용하여 비교군과 실험군에 $^{99m}Tc$-phytate를 넣어주고 30분 동안 배양시켜 감마카운터를 이용하여 각각의 분 당 카운트 값을 측정하였다. 이 값들은 SPSS 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 통계 검정하였다. Phytate를 생리식염수에 용해시킨 후 측정 결과 평균 직경은 130~650 nm가 $85{\pm}5%$ 정도였으나 200 nm 필터를 이용하여 여과시킨 후의 입자 크기는 용매 내 phytate 입자의 농도가 너무 낮아 측정할 수 없었다. 획득한 영상을 분석한 결과 비교군에서는 $60.2{\pm}4.88$ count/pixel, 실험군에서는 $58.3{\pm}5.97$ count/pixel 값을 보였다. 세포 실험에서 실험군의 카운트 값은 $17,152{\pm}1,165$ cpm이고 비교군은 $16,908{\pm}1,075$ cpm을 보였다. 동물 실험과 마찬가지로 세포 실험에서도 통계적 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이번 실험을 통하여 phytate의 사이즈가 매우 분산적이며 균일하지 못 하다는 사실을 확인하였으며, 동물 실험과 세포실험을 통한 필터 사용의 적절성을 판단한 결과 phytate를 이용한 감시림프절 검사에서 필터를 사용하는 방법은 결과에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.619-634
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• 2002

배 경 : Matrix metalloproteinase(MMPs), 특히 주로 염증세포에서 분비되는 MMP-9은 여러 가지 급성폐손상 모델 및 급성호흡곤란증후군 환자에서 증가하고, 최근에는 주기적인 물리적 스트레스가 폐포대식세포 및 결체조직세포에서 MMP-9의 생성 및 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 보고된 바 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기계환기로 인한 백서의 급성폐손상에서 MMP-9의 발현 및 MMP 억제제(MMPI)의 효과에 대해서 연구하고자 하였다. 방 법 : Sprague-Dawley 백서를 적은 일호흡량(tidal volume, $V_T$)과 적절한 호기말양압(positive end-expiratory pressure, PEEP)을 적용한 LVT군과 많은 일호흡량과 PEEP을 적용하지 않은 HVT군 및 동일한 조건에서 MMPI를 투여한 HVT+MMPI의 세 군으로 나누어 실험하였다. MMPI로는 CMT-3(chemically modified tetracycline-3)를 기계환기 3일 전부터 구강으로 투약하였다. 폐손상의 정도는 습건중량비와 급성 폐손상지수로 측정하였고, MMP-9의 발현은 면역조직화학염색으로 고찰하였다. 결 과 : 습건중량비, 급성 폐손상지수 및 MMP-9의 발현이 HVT 군에서 다른 두군에 비하여 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), HVT+MMP군에서 HVT군에 비하여 폐손상의 정도 및 MMP-9의 발현이 현저하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 결과적으로 MMPI의 투여가 MMP-9의 발현을 저하시킴으로써 기계환기로 인한 폐손상의 정도를 유의하게 감소시키는 것으로 관찰되었다 결 론 : 많은 일호흡량과 PEEP을 적용치 않은 기계환기는 폐조직에서 MMP-9의 발현을 유의하게 증가시켜 폐손상을 유발하고, MMPI는 MMP-9의 작용을 억제함으로써 기계환기로 인한 폐손상의 정도를 유의하게 감소시키는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.3075-3078
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• 2013

Background: KLK3 gene products, like human prostate-specific antigen (PSA), are important biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). G protein-coupled receptor RFX6, C2orf43 and FOXP4 signaling plays important roles in the development of PCa. However, associations of these genes with PCa in northern Chinese men remain to be detailed. This study aimed to investigate their impact on occurrence and level of malignancy. Methods: All subjects were from Beijing and Tianjin, including 266 cases with prostate cancer and 288 normal individuals as controls. We evaluated associations between clinical covariates (age at diagnosis, prostate specific antigen, Gleason score, tumor stage and aggressive) and 6 candidate PCa risk loci, genotyped by PCR- high resolution melting curve and sequencing methods. Results: Case-control analysis of allelic frequency of PCa associated with PCa showed that one of the 6 candidate risk loci, rs339331 in the RFX6 gene, was associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.57-0.94, P = 0.013) in northern Chinese men. In addition, subjects with CX (CC+TC) genotypes had a decreased risk for prostrate cancer compared to those carrying the TT homozygote (OR =0.64, 95% CI = 0.45- 0.90, P = 0.008). The TT genotype of 13q22 (rs9600079, T) was associated with tumor stage (P=0.044, OR=2.34, 95% CI=0.94-5.87). Other SNPs were not significantly associated with clinical covariates in prostate cancer (P > 0.05). Conclusions. rs339331 in the RFX6 gene may be associated with prostate cancer as a susceptibility locus in northern Chinese men.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.364-369
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• 2009

목 적 : 가와사끼병의 급성기에 심장 합병증을 미리 예측하고자 하는 연구가 꾸준히 계속되고 있으나 아직까지 확실하게 인정되고 있는 지표는 없는 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 저나트륨혈증이 가와사끼병 급성기에 나타나는 빈도와 다른 임상적 요인 및 관상동맥 합병증과의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2006년 1월부터 2008년 2월까지 만 2년간 을지대학병원 소아과에 입원하여 가와사끼병으로 치료받았던 114명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 나이와 성별, 발열부터 면역글로불린 투여시까지의 기간, 치료부터 해열까지의 기간, 입원 당시의 백혈구수, 혈소판수,알부민, ESR, CRP, AST, ALT치와 무균성 농뇨 및 심초음파 결과 등을 저나트륨혈증군(1군) (n=30)과 정상 나트륨군(2군) (n=84)으로 나누어 비교 분석하였다. 통계 처리는 t-test와 교차분석, logistic 회귀 분석을 사용하였다. 결 과 : 1) 1군의 환자들에게서 설사 증상이 나타났던 경우가 40%로 2군의 환자들보다 유의하게 많았으며 농뇨나 혈뇨의 빈도는 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 2) 1군 환아들에서의 CRP 수치가 평균 12.2 mg/dL로 2군 환아들에서의 7.3 mg/dL에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 3) 1군에서 13.3%의 환아에서 1회의 IVIG 치료 후에도 발열이 지속되어 IVIG의 재투여가 필요하였으며 2군의 환아들에 비해 3배 가량 많았다. 4) 1군 중 53.3%에서 관상 동맥의 병변이 있었으며 2군의 20.2%에 비해 유의하게 많았으며 1군 중 2명(6.7%)에서 중등도 크기의 관상동맥류가 있었다. 결 론 : 가와사끼병에서 입원 당시에 저나트륨혈증이 있거나 면역글로불린 투여 이후에도 저나트륨혈증이 지속될 때 관상 동맥의 합병증이 더 많이 발생할 가능성을 염두에 두고 치료에 임하는 것이 좋을 것으로 사료되는 바이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1320-1328
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the ME value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of fish meal, and the effects of single cell protein (Prosin and Protide) replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows with initial BW of $30.8{\times}2.6kg$ were allotted to one of four dietary treatments. Diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 20% of the corn in diet 1 with one of the three protein feeds (fish meal, Prosin and Protide), and the DE and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $25.6{\pm}3.2kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the protein feeds as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, one hundred and eighty piglets (initial BW of $7.95{\pm}1.59kg$) weaned at $28{\times}2d$ were blocked by weight and assigned to one of five treatments for a 28-d growth performance study, each treatment was fed to six pens with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. The five treatments consisted of the control group (CON), which was a corn-soybean meal diet containing 5% fish meal, and the other four treatments, which replaced a set amount of fish meal with either Prosin (2.5% or 5%) or Protide (2.5% or 5%). The diets were formulated to provide same nutrient levels. The results showed that on a DM basis, both of the DE and ME contents were lower in Prosin and Protide than that of fish meal (p<0.05). The SID of CP and all essential AA were greater in fish meal than in Prosin and Protide (p<0.05). The pigs fed CON diet had greater weight gain and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). The digestibility of CP was greater in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). Villus height in jejunum and ileum, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum were higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets compared with the 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets. Pigs fed CON diet had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). In conclusion, although Prosin and Protide contained lower ME content and SID of AA than fish meal, Prosin and Protide replacing 50% of fish meal in diet with identical nutrient levels could obtain similar performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.548-555
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate whether asparagine (Asn) could improve liver energy status in weaning pigs when challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Methods: Forty-eight weaned pigs ($Duroc{\times}Large\;White{\times}Landrace$, $8.12{\pm}0.56kg$) were assigned to four treatments: i) CTRL, piglets received a control diet and injected with sterile 0.9% NaCl solution; ii) lipopolysaccharide challenged control (LPSCC), piglets received the same control diet and injected with Escherichia coli LPS; iii) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+0.5% Asn, piglets received a 0.5% Asn diet and injected with LPS; and iv) LPS+1.0% Asn, piglets received a 1.0% Asn diet and injected with LPS. All piglets were fed the experimental diets for 19 d. On d 20, the pigs were injected intraperitoneally with Escherichia coli LPS at $100{\mu}g/kg$ body weights or the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution based on the assigned treatments. Then the pigs were slaughtered at 4 h and 24 h after LPS or saline injection, and the liver samples were collected. Results: At 24 h after LPS challenge, dietary supplementation with 0.5% Asn increased ATP concentration (quadratic, p<0.05), and had a tendency to increase adenylate energy charges and reduce AMP/ATP ratio (quadratic, p<0.1) in liver. In addition, Asn increased the liver mRNA expression of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase ${\beta}$ (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05), and had a tendency to increase the mRNA expression of hexokinase 2 (linear, p<0.1). Moreover, Asn increased liver phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK)/total AMP-activated protein kinase (tAMPK) ratio (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05). However, at 4 h after LPS challenge, Asn supplementation had no effect on these parameters. Conclusion: The present study indicated that Asn could improve the energy metabolism in injured liver at the late stage of LPS challenge.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제11권
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• pp.69-99
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• 1984

A dramatic development in the new technology of copying materials has presented us with massive problems on reconciling the conflicts between copyright owners and potential users of copyrighted materials. The adaptation to this changing condition led some countries to revise their copyright laws such as in the U. S. in 1976 and in Korea in 1984 for merging with the international or universal copyright conventions in the future. Copyright defined as exclusive rights given to copyright owners aims to secure a fair return for an author's creative labor and to stimulate artistic creativity for the general public good. The exclusive rights on copyrightable matters, generally for reproduction, preparation of derivative works, public distribution, public performance, and public display, are limited by fair use for scholarship and criticism and by library reproduction for its preservation and interlibrary loan. These limitations on the exclusive rights are concerned with all aspects of library services and cause a great burden on librarian's daily duty to provide balance between the rights of creators and the needs of library patrons. The fair use as one of the limitations on it has been coupled with enormous growth of a new technology and extended from xerography to online database systems. The implementation of the fair use and library reprography in Korean law to the local practices is examined on the basis of the new American copyright act of 1976. Under the draft revision of Korean law, librarians will face many potential problems as summarized below. 1. Because the new provision of 'life time plus 50 years' will tie up substantial bodies of material longer than the old law, until that date librarians would need permissions from the owners and should pay attention to the author's death date. 2. Because the copyright can be sold, distributed, given to the heirs, donated, as a whole or a part, librarians should chase down the heirs and other second owners. In case of a derivative work, this is a real problem. 3. Since a work has its protection from the moment of its creation, the coverage of copyrightable matter would be extended to the published or the unpublished works and librarian's work load would be heavier. Without copyright registration, no one can be certain that a work is in the public domain. Therefore, librarians will need to check with an authority. 4. For implementation of limitations on exclusive rights, fair use and library reproduction for interlibrary loan, there can be no substantial aggregate use and there can be no systematic distribution of multicopies. Therefore, librarians should not substitute reproductions for subscriptions or purchases. 5. For the interlibrary loan by photocopying, librarians should understand the procedure of royalty payment. 6. Compulsory licenses should be understood by librarians. 7. Because the draft revision of Korean law is a reciprocal treaty, librarians should take care of other countries' copyright law to protect foreign authors from Korean law. In order to solve the above problems, some suggestions are presented below. 1. That copyright clearinghouse or central agency as a centralized royalty payment mechanism be established. 2. That the Korean Library Association establish a committee on copyright. 3. That the Korean Library Association propose guidelines for each occasion, e.g. for interlibrary loan, books and periodicals and music, etc. 4. That the Korean government establish a copyright office or an official organization for copyright control other than the copyright committee already organized by the government. 5. That the Korean Library Association establish educational programs on copyright for librarians through seminars or articles written in its magazines. 6. That individual libraries provide librarian's copyright kits. 7. That school libraries distribute subject bibliographies on copyright law to teachers. However, librarians should keep in mind that limitations on exclusive rights are not for an exemption from library reprography but as a convenient access to library resources.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$ -subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$-subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t631 or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632~653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agoinst-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17- fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2005

본 연구는 닭고기 품질의 고급화를 위하여 육계의 도계과정에서 방혈 시간(30초, 90초, 150초)에 따른 닭고기의 육색 및 물리적 특성 및 저장 특성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 닭고기의 도체의 pH는 방혈 시간의 변화에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았으며 pH의 값은 $5.8\~5.9$를 나타내었다. 육색의 변화에서 가슴살은 껍질 부위와 약간의 차이를 나타냈는데 방혈 시간이 증가함에 따라 황색도$(b^{\ast})$와 명도$(L^{\ast})$는 감소하는 경향을 나타낸 반면 적색도$(a^{\ast})$는 방혈 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고, 날개 부위의 명도$(L^{\ast})$는 방혈 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 황색도$(b^{\ast})$와 적색도 $(b^{\ast})$는 거의 차이가 없었다. 다리살은 방혈 시간이 증가함에 따라 적색도$(a^{\ast})$는 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으나, 황색도$(b^{\ast})$ 및 명도$(L^{\ast})$는 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 창색도$(b^{\ast})$는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 보수력은 방혈 시간이 증가할수록 63.64에서 61.06로 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으나 가열 감량은 27.16에서 29.22로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고, 전단력은 방혈 시간이 높아갈수록 약간씩 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 저장시험은 폴리에틸렌으로 포장한 닭고기를 $4^{\circ}C$에서 3일간 저장 후 TBARS(지방산패도) 가는 저장시간이 증가할수록 방혈 시간에 관계없이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈었고, 150초 방혈 처리구가 가장 높은 TBARS가 변화를 나타냈다. 단백질의 변성을 나타내는 VBN 가는 저장 일시가 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 방혈 시간이 비교적 가장 짧은 30초 수준에서 VBN 가가 가장 높았고, 150초 처리구에서 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 육계 표면 미생물검사에서는 저장 3일째에 방혈 시간이 가장 짧은30초에서 총 균수(T. bacterial counts)가 $6.53 logCFU/cm^2$로 90초 처리구 및 150초 처리구보다 약간 증가하였으나 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2017

본 연구는 항생제 대체제(유산균, 약용식물 추출물, 허브 추출물)가 Salmonella gallinarum(SG)에 대하여 육계의 생산성, 장내 미생물 균총 및 혈액 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행하였다. 5주령 육계(Ross) 100수를 공시하였으며, 평균 체중($2,512{\pm}4.3g$)에 해당하는 개체를 처리당 20수씩 선발하고, 10수씩 나누어 배치하였다. 시험처리는 항생제 무첨가구(NC)와 항생제 첨가구(PC)를 대조구로 하였으며, 유산균 0.1% 첨가구(LB), 약용식물 추출물 100 ppm 첨가구(MPE) 및 허브 추출물 100 ppm 첨가구(HE)를 처리구로 두었다. 배치 후 1주 동안 시험사료를 급여하고, 이후 SG를 음수 내 $1.0{\times}10^6cfu/L$로 첨가하여 경구투여하고 2주간 사육하였다. 시험사료는 옥수수, 대두박을 기초로 대사에너지 3,100 kcal/kg, 조단백질 함량 20%가 되도록 배합하였다. SG 공격접종 시종료 체중 및 증체량이 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 반면에, 유산균, 약용식물 추출물 및 허브 추출물 첨가 급여 시육계의 생산성은 무항생제 처리구에 비해 향상되었으며, SG 공격접종에 따른 생산성 저하가 감소되었다(P<0.05). SG를 공격접종한 경우, coliform bacteria와 Salmonella 수가 증가하였으나(P<0.05), 유산균 수에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 유산균 첨가 급여 시 장내 유산균 수는 무항생제 및 항생제 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). SG 공격접종 시간, 비장 및 F낭의 상대적 중량이 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05), 공격접종 후 4일차에 WBC가 급격히 감소하였으며, 시간이 경과함에 따라 정상 수준으로 돌아왔다. Coliform bacteria와 Salmonella 수, 조직 중량, WBC의 수에 대한 유산균, 약용식물 추출물 및 허브 추출물의 첨가에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 결과적으로, 유산균이나 식물 추출물은 항생제 대체제로서 이용이 가능하며, 이들의 복합사용에 대하여 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.