• 환경생물
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.400-412
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 과정기반 생지화학모형 중 하나인 BGC-MAN (Biogeochemistry Management) 모형을 남북한에 적용하여 산림생태계의 생산성을 나타내는 지표인 순일차생산성(Net Primary Productivity, NPP)을 평가하였다. 기상자료의 경우에는 우리나라 기상청 기후정보포털의 실측 및 동아시아 시나리오 자료를 병행하여 활용하였다. 식생정보로는 소나무(Pinus densiflora) 및 참나무(Quercus spp.) 임분을 대상으로 우리나라의 광릉 및 설마천 유역과 북한 내 양묘장이 있는 것으로 알려져 있는 사리원, 서흥, 해주, 정주, 원산을 대상지로 선정하였다. 생물리적 정보 중경위도, 고도, 사면 방향 등의 지형정보는 SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)의 수치표고모델을 활용하였으며, 토양정보 등의 경우에는 HWSD (Harmonized World Soil Database)의 정보를 활용하였다. 관리 요인의 경우에는 1950년의 한국전쟁으로 인한 남북한 산림파괴와 이후 산림의 재조림 과정을 고려하였다. 1991년부터 2100년까지 모의된 NPP의 전체 평균 값은 5.17 Mg C ha^-1이었으며, 범위는 3.30~8.19Mg C ha^-1로 도출되었다. 또한 기후 시나리오의 변동성이 커짐에 따라서 산림 생산성의 교란이 커졌으며, 소나무 임분의 생장 둔화가 두드러지게 나타났다. 기후변화에 따라 생태계 과정기반 모형의 중요성이 커지는 시점에서 BGC-MAN 모형의 한반도 적용성이 검토되었다. 본 연구의 제한된 자료를 통해서 기후변화에 대한 교란이 산림생태계에 미치는 여러 요인들이 분석된 만큼, 향후 모델링 방법의 보완을 통해 보다 한반도 전역의 정밀한 생태계 변화를 과정기반 모형을 통해 모의할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.

• 기독교교육논총
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• 제78권
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• pp.21-55
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• 2024

연구 목적: 19 본 논문은 코로나 팬데믹 이후 한국교회와 신학교육 기관이 경험하고 있는 기독교교육의 위기상황을 검토하고, 이후에 한국교회가 기독교교육의 회복과 성장을 위하여 준비해야 할 새로운 과제와 방향은 무엇인지 모색하고자 한다. 연구 내용 및 방법: 19 코로나 팬데믹 이후 한국교회와 신학교육 기관이 경험하고 있는 현재의 위기 상황을 검토하기 전에 먼저 기독교교육의 용어와 개념을 성찰한다. 그리고 코로나 팬데믹 이후 한국교회와 기독교교육 위기의 원인과 그 현상은 무엇인지 통계 및 언론, 그리고 교회 현장의 자료를 통하여 검토한다. 연구자는 한국교회와 신학교육 기관이 경험하고 있는 위기의 원인을 1. 코로나19 팬데믹의 영향: 신앙과 교육 활동의 정지, 2.인구절벽 시대: 노인 증가 vs. 젊은이 감소, 3. 신자유주의: 시장주의, 무한경쟁, 효율성, 승자독식, 4. 탈종교시대: 탈기독교, 공동체성 약화, 기독교 교인수 감소 등으로 파악한다. 그 결과 나타나는 현상을 네 가지로. 1. 교회교육의 위기: 주일학교의 운영 중단과 열패감, 2. 청년세대의 신앙 위기: 불안한 미래 교회지도자 양성, 3. 성인세대의 신앙: 위기와 희망, 4. 노인세대의 신앙: 빛과 그림자 등으로 설명하였다. 결론 및 제언: 19 코로나 팬데믹 이후 한국교회가 추구해야 할 기독교교육의 새로운 과제와 방향을 1. 주일학교 신앙교육의 새로운 전환: 가정과 세대를 통합하는 신앙교육으로, 2. 신학교육의 새로운 전환: 지식교육에서 영성훈련으로, 3. 중년기 성인의 신앙교육 재점화: 예배와 소그룹을 통한 신앙의 활성화, 4. 교회 노인교육의 새로운 전환: 돌봄 대상에서 창조적 신앙생활로 전환해야 할것 등으로 제안하였다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.59-88
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• 2008

Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 1976

The categories of national health problems may be mainly divided into health promotion, problems of diseases, and population-economic problems which are indirectly related to health. Of them, the problems of diseases will be exclusively dealt with this speech. Rurality and Disease Problems There are many differences between rural and urban areas. In general, indicators of rurality are small size of towns, dispersion of the population, remoteness from urban centers, inadequacy of public transportation, poor communication, inadequate sanitation, poor housing, poverty, little education lack of health personnels and facilities, and in-accessibility to health services. The influence of such conditions creates, directly or indirectly, many problems of diseases in the rural areas. Those art the occurrence of preventable diseases, deterioration and prolongation of illness due to loss of chance to get early treatment, decreased or prolonged labour force loss, unnecessary death, doubling of medical cost, and economic loss. Some Considerations of Innovative Approach The followings art some considerations of innovative approaches to the problems of diseases in the rural Korea. 1. It would be essential goal of the innovative approaches that the damage and economic loss due to diseases will be maintained to minimum level by minimizing the absolute amount of the diseases, and by moderating the fee for medical cares. The goal of the minimization of the disease amount may be achieved by preventive services and early treatment, and the goal of moderating the medical fee may be achieved by lowering the prime cost and by adjusting the medical fees to reasonable level. 2. Community health service or community medicine will be adopted as a innovative means to disease problems. In this case, a community is defined as an unit area where supply and utilization of primary service activities can be accomplished within a day. The essential nature o the community health service should be such activities as health promotion, preventive measures, medical care, and rehabilitation performing efficiently through the organized efforts of the residents in a community. Each service activity should cover all members of the residents in a community in its plan and performance. The cooperation of the community peoples in one of the essential elements for success of the service program, The motivations of their cooperative mood may be activated through several ways: when the participation of the residents in service program of especially the direct participation of organized cooperation of the area leaders art achieved through a means of health education: when the residents get actual experience of having received the benefit of good quality services; and when the health personnels being armed with an idealism that they art working in the areas to help health problems of the residents, maintain good human relationships with them. For the success of a community health service program, a personnel who is in charge of leadership and has an able, a sincere and a steady characters seems to be required in a community. The government should lead and support the community health service programs of the nation under the basis of results appeared in the demonstrative programs so as to be carried out the programs efficiently. Moss of the health problems may be treated properly in the community levels through suitable community health service programs but there might be some problems which art beyond their abilities to be dealt with. To solve such problems each community health service program should be under the referral systems which are connected with health centers, hospitals, and so forth. 3. An approach should be intensively groped to have a physician in each community. The shortage of physicians in rural areas is world-wide problem and so is the Korean situation. In the past the government has initiated a system of area-limited physician, coercion, and a small scale of scholarship program with unsatisfactory results. But there might be ways of achieving the goal by intervice, broadened, and continuous approaches. There will be several ways of approach to motivate the physicians to be settled in a rural community. They are, for examples, to expos the students to the community health service programs during training, to be run community health service programs by every health or medical schools and other main medical facilities, communication activities and advertisement, desire of community peoples to invite a physician, scholarship program, payment of satisfactory level, fulfilment of military obligation in case of a future draft, economic growth and development of rural communities, sufficiency of health and medical facilities, provision of proper medical care system, coercion, and so forth. And, hopefully, more useful reference data on the motivations may be available when a survey be conducted to the physicians who are presently engaging in the rural community levels. 4. In communities where the availability of a physician is difficult, a trial to use physician extenders, under certain conditions, may be considered. The reason is that it would be beneficial for the health of the residents to give them the remedies of primary medical care through the extenders rather than to leave their medical problems out of management. The followings are the conditions to be considered when the physician extenders are used: their positions will be prescribed as a temporary one instead of permanent one so as to allow easy replacement of the position with a physician applicant; the extender will be under periodic direction and supervision of a physician, and also referral channel will be provided: legal constraints will be placed upon the extenders primary care practice, and the physician extenders will used only under the public medical care system. 5. For the balanced health care delivery, a greater investment to the rural areas is needed to compensate weak points of a rurality. The characteristics of a rurality has been already mentioned. The objective of balanced service for rural communities to level up that of urban areas will be hard to achieve without greater efforts and supports. For example, rural communities need mobile powers more than urban areas, communication network is extremely necessary at health delivery facilities in rural areas as well as the need of urban areas, health and medical facilities in rural areas should be provided more substantially than those of urban areas to minimize, in a sense, the amount of patient consultation and request of laboratory specimens through referral system of which procedures are more troublesome in rural areas, and more intensive control measures against communicable diseases are needed in rural areas where greater numbers of cases are occurred under the poor sanitary conditions.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.167-181
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• 2018

지난 10여 년간 딥러닝(Deep Learning)은 다양한 기계학습 알고리즘 중에서 많은 주목을 받아 왔다. 특히 이미지를 인식하고 분류하는데 효과적인 알고리즘으로 알려져 있는 합성곱 신경망(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)은 여러 분야의 분류 및 예측 문제에 널리 응용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기계학습 연구에서 가장 어려운 예측 문제 중 하나인 주식시장 예측에 합성곱 신경망을 적용하고자 한다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 그래프를 입력값으로 사용하여 주식시장의 방향(상승 또는 하락)을 예측하는 이진분류기로써 합성곱 신경망을 적용하였다. 이는 그래프를 보고 주가지수가 오를 것인지 내릴 것인지에 대해 경향을 예측하는 이른바 기술적 분석가를 모방하는 기계학습 알고리즘을 개발하는 과제라 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 크게 다음의 네 단계로 수행된다. 첫 번째 단계에서는 데이터 세트를 5일 단위로 나눈다. 두 번째 단계에서는 5일 단위로 나눈 데이터에 대하여 그래프를 만든다. 세 번째 단계에서는 이전 단계에서 생성된 그래프를 사용하여 학습용과 검증용 데이터 세트를 나누고 합성곱 신경망 분류기를 학습시킨다. 네 번째 단계에서는 검증용 데이터 세트를 사용하여 다른 분류 모형들과 성과를 비교한다. 제안한 모델의 유효성을 검증하기 위해 2009년 1월부터 2017년 2월까지의 약 8년간의 KOSPI200 데이터 2,026건의 실험 데이터를 사용하였다. 실험 데이터 세트는 CCI, 모멘텀, ROC 등 한국 주식시장에서 사용하는 대표적인 기술지표 12개로 구성되었다. 결과적으로 실험 데이터 세트에 합성곱 신경망 알고리즘을 적용하였을 때 로지스틱회귀모형, 단일계층신경망, SVM과 비교하여 제안모형인 CNN이 통계적으로 유의한 수준의 예측 정확도를 나타냈다.

• 안보군사학연구
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• 통권13호
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• pp.687-738
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• 2016

To prepare for the complicated international relationship regarding Korean Peninsula after reunification, this thesis started off with the awareness that Unified Korea should build its international posture and national security at an early stage by determining its appropriate military strength for independent defense and military strategies that Unified Korea should aim. The main theme of this thesis is 'The research on appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military'. To derive appropriate military strength of Unified Korea, this research focuses on conflict scenario and relative balance strategy based on potential threats posed by neighboring countries, and this is the part that differentiates this research from other researches. First of all, the main objective of the research is to decide appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to secure defense sufficiency. For this, this research will decide efficient military strategy that Unified Korea should aim. Than by presuming the most possible military conflict scenario, this research will judge the most appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to overcome the dispute. Second, after deciding appropriate military strength, this research will suggest how to operate presumed military strength in each armed force. The result of this thesis is as in the following. First, Unified Korea should aim 'relative balance strategy'. 'Relative balance strategy' is a military strategy which Unified Korea can independently secure defense sufficiency by maintaining relative balance when conflicts occur between neighboring countries. This strategy deters conflicts in advance by relative balance of power in certain time and place. Even if conflict occurs inevitably, this strategy secures initiative. Second, when analyzing neighboring countries interest and strategic environment after unification, the possibility of all-out war will be low in the Korean Peninsula because no other nation wants the Korean Peninsula to be subordinated to one single country. Therefore appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military would be enough when Unified Korea can achieve relative balance in regional war or limited war. Third, Northeast Asia is a region where economic power and military strength is concentrated. Despite increasing mutual cooperation in the region, conflicts and competition to expand each countries influence is inherent. Japan is constantly enhancing their military strength as they aim for normal statehood. China is modernizing their military strength as they aspire to become global central nation. Russia is also enhancing their military strength in order to hold on to their past glory of Soviet Union as a world power. As a result, both in quality and quantity, the gap between military strength of Unified Korea and each neighboring countries is enlarged at an alarming rate. Especially in the field of air-sea power, arms race is occurring between each nation. Therefore Unified Korea should be equipped with appropriate military strength in order to achieve relative balance with each threats posed by neighboring countries. Fourth, the most possible conflicts between Unified Korea and neighboring countries could be summarized into four, which are Dokdo territorial dispute with Japan, Leodo jurisdictional dispute with China, territorial dispute concerning northern part of the Korea Peninsula with China and disputes regarding marine resources and sea routes with Russia. Based on those conflict scenarios, appropriate military strength for Unified Korea is as in the following. When conflict occurs with Japan regarding Dokdo, Japan is expected to put JMSDF Escort Flotilla 3, one out of four of its Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Escort Fleet, which is based in Maizuru and JMSDF Maizuru District. To counterbalance this military strength, Unified Korea needs one task fleet, comprised with three task flotilla. In case of jurisdictional conflict with China concerning Leodo, China is expected to dispatch its North Sea fleet, one out of three of its naval fleet, which is in charge of the Yellow Sea. To response to this military action, Unified Korea needs one task fleet, comprised with three task flotilla. In case of territorial dispute concerning northern part of the Korean Peninsula with China, it is estimated that out of seven Military Region troops, China will dispatch two Military Region troops, including three Army Groups from Shenyang Military Region, where it faces boarder with the Korean Peninsula. To handle with this military strength, Unified Korea needs six corps size ground force strength, including three corps of ground forces, two operational reserve corps(maneuver corps), and one strategic reserve corps(maneuver corps). When conflict occurs with Russia regarding marine resources and sea routes, Russia is expected to send a warfare group of a size that includes two destroyers, which is part of the Pacific Fleet. In order to balance this strength, Unified Korea naval power requires one warfare group including two destroyers. Fifth, management direction for the Unified Korean military is as in the following. Regarding the ground force management, it would be most efficient to deploy troops in the border area with china for regional and counter-amphibious defense. For the defense except the border line with china, the most efficient form of force management would be maintaining strategic reserve corps. The naval force should achieve relative balance with neighboring countries when there is maritime dispute and build 'task fleet' which can independently handle long-range maritime mission. Of the three 'task fleet', one task fleet should be deployed at Jeju base to prepare for Dokdo territorial dispute and Leodo jurisdictional dispute. Also in case of regional conflict with china, one task fleet should be positioned at Yellow Sea and for regional conflict with Japan and Russia, one task fleet should be deployed at East Sea. Realistically, Unified Korea cannot possess an air force equal to neither Japan nor China in quantity. Therefore, although Unified Korea's air force might be inferior in quantity, they should possess the systematic level which Japan or China has. For this Unified Korea should build air base in island areas like Jeju Island or Ullenong Island to increase combat radius. Also to block off infiltration of enemy attack plane, air force needs to build and manage air bases near coastal areas. For landing operation forces, Marine Corps should be managed in the size of two divisions. For island defense force, which is in charge of Jeju Island, Ulleung Island, Dokdo Island and five northwestern boarder island defenses, it should be in the size of one brigade. Also for standing international peace keeping operation, it requires one brigade. Therefore Marine Corps should be organized into three divisions. The result of the research yields a few policy implications when building appropriate military strength for Unified Korea. First, Unified Korea requires lower number of ground troops compared to that of current ROK(Republic of Korea) force. Second, air-sea forces should be drastically reinforced. Third, appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military should be based on current ROK military system. Forth, building appropriate military strength for Unified Korea should start from today, not after reunification. Because of this, South Korea should build a military power that can simultaneously prepare for current North Korea's provocations and future threats from neighboring countries after reunification. The core of this research is to decide appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to realize relative balance that will ensure defense sufficiency from neighboring countries threats. In other words, this research should precisely be aware of threats posed by neighboring countries and decide minimum level of military strength that could realize relative balance in conflict situation. Moreover this research will show the path for building appropriate military strength in each armed force.

• 한국기록관리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-35
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• 2001

조선왕조의 기록관리 전통의 맥이 끊어진지 거의 한세기가 지난 1999년도에 한국은 "공공기관의 기록물관리에 관한 법률"을 제정 시행함으로써 기록관리의 새로운 시대를 맞이했다. 조선왕조실록에는 국사 전반에 걸쳐 오백년 간의 중요한 역사적 사실들이 기록되었다. 이것은 인류역사상 주요한 업적이며 전세계적으로 귀한 사례이다. 이것이 가능했던 것은 실록이 누대(累代)의 사관들이 저술하고 편찬한 일차자료인 기록물을 수집, 선정한 것이기 때문이다. 근대적 기록보존소에서는 중요한 공공기록물이 원형대로 보존될 필요가 있기 때문에 기록보존을 위해 중요한 국가 기록물을 평가 선별하는 근대적 기록보존제도를 확립해야 했다. 그러나 일제에 의한 식민지화로 그 기회를 빼앗겼고 우리의 훌륭한 기록보전 전통은 계승되지 못했다. 중앙화된 기록보존제도는 1969년 총무처에 정부기록보존소를 설립함으로써 발전하기 시작했다. 정부기록보존소는 조선왕조의 사고 전통을 계승해서 1984년 부산에 현대적 사고시설을 건축했다. 1998년 정부기록보존소는 대전정부종합청사로 본부를 이전하고 첨단 시청각기록물 서고를 갖추었다. 1996년부터 정부기록보존소는 마이크로필름 보존을 보완하고 수작업 등록시스템을 개선하기 위하여 기록물 관리시스템 전산화를 도입했다. 소장 기록물의 디지털화는 이용자에게 디지털 이미지를 제공하기 위한 주요한 사업이었다. 이를 위해 정부기록보존소는 새로 컴퓨터/서버 시스템을 구입하고 응용 소프트웨어를 개발했다. 이와 병행하여 정부기록보존소는 역사학 및 문헌정보학 배경을 가진 아키비스트들을 증원하여 고도의 전문화를 이루는 방향으로 인력구조를 크게 혁신하였다. 보존연구직과 전산직 역시 채용되었다. 새로운 기록물관리법은 2000년 1월 1일부터 시행되고 있다. 이 법은 한국의 기록물관리에 있어 다음과 같은 변화를 가져왔다. 첫째, 이 법은 입법 사법 행정부, 헌법기관, 육해공군, 국가정보원 등 모든 공공기관의 기록물을 규정한다. 범국가적으로 통일된 기록물관리체계가 갖추어지게 되었다. 둘째, 각 기관의 수준별로 공공기록물 관리 기관을 두게 되었다. 중앙기록물관리기관, 국회 및 사법부에 특수기록물관리기관, 대도시 및 도에 지방기록물 관리기관, 공공기관에 자료관 또는 특수자료관, 각 과단위에서는 기록물관리책임자가 기록관리를 책임지게 되었다. 셋째, 공공기관의 기록물은 생산시에 컴퓨터에 등록된다. 따라서 인터넷이나 컴퓨터망을 통해 기록물을 쉽게 추적, 검색할 수 있게 될 것이다. 넷째, 기록관리학 분야에서 전문적 훈련을 받은 기록물관리 전문요원 배치를 의무화함으로써 기록물의 전문적 관리를 보장하게 된다. 다섯째, 공공기록물의 불법적 처리는 처벌을 받을 수 있는 범죄를 구성한다. 앞으로 공공기록물관리는 한국정부의 '전자정부 추진정책'과 함께 발전할 것이다. 다음과 같은 변화가 예상된다. 첫째 공공기관에서는 전자결재 문서 외에 종이문서, 시청각기록물, 간행물 등도 모두 디지털화하여 행정의 효율화 및 생산성을 제고할게 될 것이다. 둘째, 국회는 이미 특수기록관을 설립하였다. 법원과 국가정보원도 뒤를 따를 것이다. 시도 차원에서 더 많은 기록관들이 설립될 것이다. 셋째, 우리 사회가 지식정보사회화 될수록 기록관리기능은 더욱 중요한 국가기능이 될 것이다. 더 많은 대학교, 학회, 시민단체들이 기록보존에 고한 인식제고에 참여하고, 기록보존운동이 범국민적 차원으로 심화될수록 한국의 기록물관리는 현재보다 눈에 띄게 발전할 것이다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.37-63
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• 2012

가맹사업에 있어 배타적 영업지역보호정책의 문제는 경제학 및 경영학 분야뿐만 아니라 사회 정치적으로 매우 중요한 쟁점이다. 본 연구는 배타적 영업지역과 관련한 기존 문헌을 토대로 가맹사업에서의 효율성 관점에서 배타적 영업지역보호에 영향을 미치는 변수와 배타적 영업지역 보호가 가맹본부 및 가맹점의 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 있다. 가맹점의 대부분이 중소상인들이란 점을 감안하면 유통정책적으로도 중요한 의미가 있다고 할 수 있다. 본연구는 사회적으로도 잇슈가 될 수 있는 기업의 전략을 타당성과 당위성, 그리고 논리성으로만 평가하는 것이 아니라 실제 자료를 근거로 분석하였다. 또, 정책연구들이 가지고 있는 자료와 이론의 한계를 감안한 탐색적 방법론을 활용하여 보다 실질적이고 현실적용성이 뛰어난 분석을 제안하였다. 분석 결과, 배타적 영업지역보호는 긍정적인 효과가 있기는 하지만 통계적으로 유의하지 못하였으며, 가맹점과 가맹본부간의 로얄티가 많아서 위험공유성향이 클때에는 배타적 영업지역보호를 하지 않는 것이 효과적이었고, 가맹점을 모집하기 위해 배타적 영업지역보호를 해주거나 배타적 영업지역보호를 통해서 가맹사업본부내의 효율성을 키우기 위한 경우에는 긍정적인 효과가 유의하게 나타나는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 하지만 외부경쟁으로부터 직영점을 보호하기 위하거나 시장성장을 활용하기 위한 배타적 영업지역보호는 좋은 성과를 내지 못하였다. 또한 쉽게 배타적 영업지역보호를 할 수 있기에 이런 제도를 도입하는 것도 역시 좋은 성과를 내지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 배타적 영업지역보호가 기업의 운영효율을 증대시키기 위하여 하는 경우는 성과가 좋으나 다른 목적을 위하여 배타적 영업지역보호를 활용하는 것은 바람직한 결과를 못내는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 분석결과를 토대로 영업지역 보호를 획일적으로 활용하거나 법으로 강제하기 보다는 가맹사업본부와 가맹점의 관계 및 상황, 또 동기에 맞추어 탄력적으로 적용하는 것이 바람직하다는 제안을 하고 있으며, 이를 근거로 몇 가지 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.89-116
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• 2011

In collaborative tagging systems such as Delicious.com and Flickr.com, users assign keywords or tags to their uploaded resources, such as bookmarks and pictures, for their future use or sharing purposes. The collection of resources and tags generated by a user is called a personomy, and the collection of all personomies constitutes the folksonomy. The most significant need of the folksonomy users Is to efficiently find useful resources or experts on specific topics. An excellent ranking algorithm would assign higher ranking to more useful resources or experts. What resources are considered useful In a folksonomic system? Does a standard superior to frequency or freshness exist? The resource recommended by more users with mere expertise should be worthy of attention. This ranking paradigm can be implemented through a graph-based ranking algorithm. Two well-known representatives of such a paradigm are Page Rank by Google and HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection) by Kleinberg. Both Page Rank and HITS assign a higher evaluation score to pages linked to more higher-scored pages. HITS differs from PageRank in that it utilizes two kinds of scores: authority and hub scores. The ranking objects of these pages are limited to Web pages, whereas the ranking objects of a folksonomic system are somewhat heterogeneous(i.e., users, resources, and tags). Therefore, uniform application of the voting notion of PageRank and HITS based on the links to a folksonomy would be unreasonable, In a folksonomic system, each link corresponding to a property can have an opposite direction, depending on whether the property is an active or a passive voice. The current research stems from the Idea that a graph-based ranking algorithm could be applied to the folksonomic system using the concept of mutual Interactions between entitles, rather than the voting notion of PageRank or HITS. The concept of mutual interactions, proposed for ranking the Semantic Web resources, enables the calculation of importance scores of various resources unaffected by link directions. The weights of a property representing the mutual interaction between classes are assigned depending on the relative significance of the property to the resource importance of each class. This class-oriented approach is based on the fact that, in the Semantic Web, there are many heterogeneous classes; thus, applying a different appraisal standard for each class is more reasonable. This is similar to the evaluation method of humans, where different items are assigned specific weights, which are then summed up to determine the weighted average. We can check for missing properties more easily with this approach than with other predicate-oriented approaches. A user of a tagging system usually assigns more than one tags to the same resource, and there can be more than one tags with the same subjectivity and objectivity. In the case that many users assign similar tags to the same resource, grading the users differently depending on the assignment order becomes necessary. This idea comes from the studies in psychology wherein expertise involves the ability to select the most relevant information for achieving a goal. An expert should be someone who not only has a large collection of documents annotated with a particular tag, but also tends to add documents of high quality to his/her collections. Such documents are identified by the number, as well as the expertise, of users who have the same documents in their collections. In other words, there is a relationship of mutual reinforcement between the expertise of a user and the quality of a document. In addition, there is a need to rank entities related more closely to a certain entity. Considering the property of social media that ensures the popularity of a topic is temporary, recent data should have more weight than old data. We propose a comprehensive folksonomy ranking framework in which all these considerations are dealt with and that can be easily customized to each folksonomy site for ranking purposes. To examine the validity of our ranking algorithm and show the mechanism of adjusting property, time, and expertise weights, we first use a dataset designed for analyzing the effect of each ranking factor independently. We then show the ranking results of a real folksonomy site, with the ranking factors combined. Because the ground truth of a given dataset is not known when it comes to ranking, we inject simulated data whose ranking results can be predicted into the real dataset and compare the ranking results of our algorithm with that of a previous HITS-based algorithm. Our semantic ranking algorithm based on the concept of mutual interaction seems to be preferable to the HITS-based algorithm as a flexible folksonomy ranking framework. Some concrete points of difference are as follows. First, with the time concept applied to the property weights, our algorithm shows superior performance in lowering the scores of older data and raising the scores of newer data. Second, applying the time concept to the expertise weights, as well as to the property weights, our algorithm controls the conflicting influence of expertise weights and enhances overall consistency of time-valued ranking. The expertise weights of the previous study can act as an obstacle to the time-valued ranking because the number of followers increases as time goes on. Third, many new properties and classes can be included in our framework. The previous HITS-based algorithm, based on the voting notion, loses ground in the situation where the domain consists of more than two classes, or where other important properties, such as "sent through twitter" or "registered as a friend," are added to the domain. Forth, there is a big difference in the calculation time and memory use between the two kinds of algorithms. While the matrix multiplication of two matrices, has to be executed twice for the previous HITS-based algorithm, this is unnecessary with our algorithm. In our ranking framework, various folksonomy ranking policies can be expressed with the ranking factors combined and our approach can work, even if the folksonomy site is not implemented with Semantic Web languages. Above all, the time weight proposed in this paper will be applicable to various domains, including social media, where time value is considered important.

• 물과 미래
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 1976

Because of differences in thoughts and ideology, our country, Korea has been deprived of national unity for some thirty years of time and tide. To achieve peaceful unification, the cultivation of national strength is of paramount importance. This national strength is also essential if Korea is to take rightful place in the international societies and to have the confidence of these societies. However, national strength can never be achieved in a short time. The fundamental elements in economic development that are directly conducive to the cultivation of national strength can be said to lie in -a stable political system, -exertion of powerful leadership, -cultivation of a spirit of diligence, self-help and cooperation, -modernization of human brain power, and -establishment of a scientific and well planned economic policy and strong enforcement of this policy. Our country, Korea, has attained brilliant economic development in the past 15 years under the strong leadership of president Park Chung Hee. However, there are still many problems to be solved. A few of them are: -housing and home problems, -increasing demand for employment, -increasing demand for staple food and -the need to improve international balance of payment. Solution of the above mentioned problems requires step by step scientific development of each sector and region of our contry. As a spearhead project in regional development, the Saemaul Campaign or new village movement can be cited. The campaign is now spreading throughout the country like a grass fire. However, such campaigns need considerable encouragement and support and the means for the desired development must be provided if the regional and sectoral development program is to sucdceed. The construction of large multipurpose dams in major river basin plays significant role in all aspects of national, regional and sectoral development. It ensures that the water resource, for which there is no substitute, is retained and utilized for irrigation of agricultural areas, production of power for industry, provision of water for domestic and industrial uses and control of river water. Water is the very essence of life and we must conserve and utilize what we have for the betterment of our peoples and their heir. The regional and social impact of construction of a large dam is enormous. It is intended to, and does, dras tically improve the "without-project" socio-economic conditions. A good example of this is the Soyanggang multipurpose dam. This project will significantly contribute to our national strength by utilizing the stored water for the benefit of human life and relief of flood and drought damages. Annual average precipitation in Korea is 1160mm, a comparatively abundant amount. The catchment areas of the Han River, Keum River, and Youngsan River are $62,755\textrm{km}^2$, accounting for 64% of the national total. Approximately 62% of the national population inhabits in this area, and 67% of the national gross product comes from the area. The annual population growth rate of the country is currently estimated at 1.7%, and every year the population growth in urban area increases at a rising rate. The population of Seoul, Pusan, and Taegu, the three major cities in Korea, is equal to one third of our national total. According to the census conducted on October 1, 1975, the population in the urban areas has increased by 384,000, whereas that in rural areas has decreased by 59,000,000 in the past five years. The composition of population between urban and rural areas varied from 41%~59% in 1959 to 48%~52% in 1975. To mitigate this treand towards concentration of population in urban areas, employment opportunities must be provided in regional and rural areas. However, heavy and chemical industries, which mitigate production and employment problems at the same time, must have abundant water and energy. Also increase in staple food production cannot be attained without water. At this point in time, when water demand is rapidly growing, it is essential for the country to provide as much a reservoir capacity as possible to capture the monsoon rainfall, which concentarated in the rainy seaon from June to Septesmber, and conserve the water for year round use. The floods, which at one time we called "the devil" have now become a source of immense benefit to Korea. Let me explain the topographic condition in Korea. In northern and eastern areas we have high mountains and rugged country. Our rivers originate in these mountains and flow in a general southerly or westerly direction throught ancient plains. These plains were formed by progressive deposition of sediments from the mountains and provide our country with large areas of fertile land, emminently suited to settlement and irrigated agricultural development. It is, therefore, quite natural that these areas should become the polar point for our regional development program. Hower, we are fortunate in that we have an additional area or areas, which can be used for agricultural production and settlement of our peoples, particularly those peoples who may be displaced by the formation of our reservoirs. I am speaking of the tidelands along the western and southern coasts. The other day the Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery informed the public of a tideland reclamation of which 400,000 hectares will be used for growing rice as part of our national food self-sufficiency programme. Now, again, we arrive at the need for water, as without it we cannot realize this ambitious programme. And again we need those dams to provide it. As I mentioned before, dams not only provide us with essential water for agriculture, domestic and industrial use, but provide us with electrical energy, as it is generally extremely economical to use the water being release for the former purposes to drive turbines and generators. At the present time we have 13 hydro-electric power plants with an installed capacity of 711,000 kilowatts equal to 16% of our national total. There are about 110 potential dams ites in the country, which could yield about 2,300,000 kilowatts of hydro-electric power. There are about 54 sites suitable for pumped storage which could produce a further 38,600,000 kilowatts of power. All available if we carefully develop our water resources. To summarize, water resource development is essential to the regional development program and the welfare of our people, it must proceed hand-in-hand with other aspects of regional development such as land impovement, high way extension, development of our forests, erosion control, and develop ment of heavy and chemical industries. Through the successful implementation of such an integrated regional development program, we can look forward to a period of national strength, and due recognition of our country by the worlds societies.