• Architectural research
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2006

A fungal spore transportation model that accounts for the concentration of airborne indoor spores and the amount of spores deposited on interior surfaces has been developed by extending the current aerosol model. This model is intended to be used for a building with a mechanical ventilation system, and considers HVAC filter efficiency and ventilation rate. The model also includes a surface-cleaning efficiency and frequency that removes a portion of spores deposited on surfaces. The developed model predicts indoor fungal spore concentration and provides an indoor/outdoor ratio that may increase or decrease mold growth risks in real, in-use building cases. To get a more useful outcome from the model simulation, an uncertainty analysis has been conducted in a real building case. By including uncertainties associated with the parameters in the spore transportation model, the simulation results provide probable ranges of indoor concentration and indoor/outdoor ratio. This paper describes the uncertainty quantification of each parameter that is specific to fungal spores, and uncertainty propagation using an appropriate statistical technique. The outcome of the uncertainty analysis showed an agreement with the results from the field measurement with air sampling in a real building.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2004

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) was investigated in cultivated and natural fold sites or chungbuk, Korea. soils were collected from rhizosphere or Sorghum bicolor, Fagopyrum esculentum and Glycine max in cultivated sites, and of Miscanthus sinensis, Glycine soja and Lespedeza cuneata in natural sites. Total 20 species of Glomalean fungi were found in this study. Species richness, species diversity and density of AM fungi were significantly lower in the arable sites. While only AM fungal spores belong to Glomus and Acaulospora were found in arable fold sites, more diverse fungal spores including Gigasporaceae were found in natural grasslands. AM fungal spore composition did not significantly differ among crop plant species. Results suggest that the agricultural practices were significantly influenced on AM fungal community structures and mycorrhizal developments.

• Mycobiology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2006

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) have mutualistic symbiosis with plants and thus efforts have been placed on application of these symbiotic relationships to agricultural and environmental fields. In this study, AM fungi were collected from 25 sites growing with 16 host plant species in Korea and cultured with Sorghum bicolor in greenhouse condition. AM fungal spores were extracted and identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Using morphological characters, total 15 morpho-speices were identified. DNA was extracted from single spore of AM fungi and a partial region on 18S rDNA was amplified using nested PCR with AM fungal specific primers AML1/AML2. A total of 36 18S rDNA sequences were analyzed for phylogenetic analysis and 15 groups of AM fungi were identified using both morphological and molecular data of spores. Among the species, 4 species, Archaeospora leptoticha, Scutellospora castanea, S. cerradensis, S. weresubiae were described for the first time in Korea and two species in Glomus and a species in Gigaspora were not identified. Morphological and molecular identification of AM fungal spores in this study would help identify AM fungal community colonizing roots.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.70-79
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• 2000

Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi have significant role for ecosystem structure and function. They are the major component of forest soil ecosystems and critically important for water and nutrient cycling in the system. To understand the ecology of AM fungi the fungal spores were collected, identified and counted in forest soils under various climatic and edaphic conditions. In relation to soil depth 90% of AM fungi spores and mycorrhizas distributed within 15cm soil depth. Number of spores per $100m{\ell}$ forest soil volume was 5 to 36 spores from 1 to 3 fungal species. AM fungal species diversity was higher in warmer climates, and more moist and fertile soils. The most frequently found species were Gigaspora decipiens irrespective of soil moisture and Gi. gigantea irrespective of soil fertility. In the Jeju island the soils of Cryptomeria japonica plantations and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens meadow had more AM spores than the other soils. We suggest AM fungi be considered as keystones species when restoring a disturbed forest ecosystem.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.60-63
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• 2004

A sucrose-agar globule (SAG) was newly introduced to increase production of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal spores, Gigaspora gigantea and Glomus fasciculatum. An SAG inoculum and a sucrose-agar globule with root exudates (SAGE) inoculum were prepared, and their spore productions were compared with a soil inoculum. When the SAGE was used as the inoculum on sucrose-agar medium plates the number of spores was increased (35% more than the soil inoculum). After the soil inoculum and SAGE were inoculated on an experimental plant, Zingiber officinale, the percentage root colonization, number of VAM spores, and dry matter content were analyzed. It was observed that the SAGE showed a higher percentage of root colonization (about 10% more), and increases in the number of spores (about 26%) and dry matter (more than 13%) for the two VAM fungal spores than the soil inoculum. The results of this study suggested that the SAGE inoculum may be useful for the mass production of VAM fungi and also for the large scale production of VAM fungal fertilizer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.833-836
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• 2013

The inactivation of spores of Penicillium oxalicum by supercritical carbon dioxide ($SC-CO_2$) was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal inactivation conditions of 16.8 MPa, $49^{\circ}C$, and 20 min were determined using ridge analysis, at which the predicted and experimental $log_{10}$ reductions were obtained as 5.74 and 6.12, respectively. The synergistic effect of a cosolvent (ethanol), which was used to modify $SC-CO_2$, on the inactivation of the fungal spores was investigated. At less severe conditions of 10 MPa and $40^{\circ}C$, P. oxalicum spores of $10^7$ CFU/ml were completely inactivated within 45 min by $SC-CO_2$ modified with ethanol.

• 환경생물
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.294-299
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• 2002

PM (Particulate Matter) samples contained fungal spores were collected in the ambient air of Seosan, west Korea, in springtime of 2000 and 2001. PM concentrations were $199.8\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ in the 1st Asian Dust Storm period (March, 23 ~ 24) and $249.4\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ in the 2nd period (April, 7~9), 2000. Compared with the concentrations in 2000, relatively low PM concentration ($157.3\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ ) was measured in the Asian Dust Storm period (April, 24 ~ 20) of 2001. Although there were somewhat differences for the total PM concentrations among the three periods, majorities of the PM were composed of coarse particles sized about 5 ~ 6 $\mu{m}$ over the periods of the two years. Diverse molds grown from fungal aerosols were observed in the PM samples and identified at the genus level. All the genera, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Basipetospora, Epicoccum and Monotospora are hyphomycetes in the division Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota). Especially, morphologically more diversified mycelia of hyphomycetes were grown on the fine PM sample (1.1 ~ 2.1 $\mu{m}$) than coarse PM samples in the periods of 2000. Furthermore, some molds were grown on even the background PM sample less than 0.43 $\mu{m}$ in the period of 2001. It was thought that some kinds of ultra fine sized fungal spores were transported by the Asian Dust Storm and suspended in the ambient air of study area during the events.

• Mycobiology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.329-334
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• 2019

Streptomyces blastmyceticus strain 12-6 was isolated from a forest soil sample of Cheonan area on the basis of strong antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi. Butanol extracts of the cultural filtrates were active against C. acutatum, C. coccodes, C. gloeosporioides, F. oxysporum, and T. roseum. Active fractions were prepared by thin layer chromatography using silica gel plate; 12-6-2 ($R_f$ 0.36), 12-6-3 ($R_f$ 0.44). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the active fractions caused a change in surface texture of fungal spores from smooth surface to wrinkled surface. The lethal effect on the spores of the active fractions varied from 56% to 100%. It was shown that the spores of C. acutatum were more sensitive to the antifungal fractions than the spores of F. oxysporum. Fluorescence staining using TOTO-1 indicated that the antifungal fractions could make the spores more sensitive to the fluorescence dye. Thus, it was suggested that antifungal agents prepared in this study exhibited the antifungal activity by damaging the plasma membrane of both fungal spores and hyphae. Identification of antifungal agents in the active fraction using GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of cyclo-(Leu-Pro) and 9-octadecenamide as major components that have already been known as antifungal substances.

• Mycobiology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.440-447
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• 2018

Dual biocontrol of both insects and plant pathogens has been reported for certain fungal entomopathogens, including Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillum spp. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, the dual biocontrol potential of two fungal isolates identified by morphological and phylogenetic analyses as Isaria javanica. Both these isolates caused mortality in the greater wax moth, and hence can be considered entomopathogens. Spores of the isolates were also pathogenic to nymphs of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), with an $LC_{50}$ value of $10^7spores/mL$ 4 days after inoculation and an $LT_{50}$ of 4.2 days with a dose of $10^8spores/mL$. In vitro antifungal assays also demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of two fungi that are pathogenic to peppers, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora capsici. These results indicate that I. javanica isolates could be used as novel biocontrol agents for the simultaneous control of aphids and fungal diseases, such as anthracnose and Phytophthora blight, in an integrated pest management framework for red pepper.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 1985

우리나라 서울 지역의 상업지역, 교통지역, 주택지역, 공장지역, 목욕탕, 백화점, 병원지역 등을 대상으로 open plate method를 사용하여 공중균을 분리한 결과 총 2,227개의 spore를 분리하였다. 그중 Cladosporium이 1,008 spores, Penicillium이 351 spores, Alternaria가 234s, Aspergillus가 84s이며 그리고 미동정된 spore수는 524이었다. 옥내와 옥외의 균의 분포를 비교 고찰한 결과 옥내보다 옥외에서 균의 종류가 더 다양하였다 옥내와 옥외에서 발견된 균중 빈도가 많은 네균류의 분포를 보면, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Aspergillus순으로 많이 나타났다. 그 중 Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus는 옥내에서, Alternaria고는 옥외에서 더 많이 분리 되였다. 옥외지역의 경우 상업지역, 교통지역, 주택지역 순으로 균이 많이 분포 되었고, 옥내에서는 공장지역, 백화점, 목욕탕, 병원지역의 순서로 많이 나타난다. 계절별로 보면 총 코로니수가 여름, 가을에 걸쳐 많았고, 봄과 겨울이 적은 편이었다. Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus 경우에는 가을에 많이 분포되어 있었으며, Alternaria는 여름에 많이 분리되었다. 그리고 Cladosporium은 계절별 커다란 차이가 나타나나 Penicillium, Alternaria는 계절별 차이가 적고 Aspergillus는 계절별 차이가 거의 없었다. 상업지역, 교통지역, 주택지역 등의 옥외 지역을 계절별로 조사한 결과 이들 세 지역 모두 여름과 가을에 걸쳐 많은 균의 분포를 나타내었다. 공장지역, 백화점, 병원지역 등의 옥내지역에서도 마찬가지로 여름과 가을에 가장 많은 균이 분리되었으나 계절 변화에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하는 목욕탕만은 계절적 차이가 현저하게 나타나지 많았다.