• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.105-115
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• 2024

The mouth, located in the lower third of the face, is a uniquely visible structure. It serves as a vital organ both aesthetically and functionally, playing a key role in speech, expression, and fundamental oral functions. Consequently, any alterations or defects in its shape, due to various causes, can lead to aesthetic and functional deficiencies. These issues may also result in challenges with social interactions and a decrease in confidence. In cases of microstomia, various surgical approaches are proposed based on the location, extent, shape, and cause of the defect, leading to numerous case reports. Plastic surgeons are proficient in oral reconstruction; however, cases of microstomia are relatively rare, which reduces their familiarity and interest in these cases. Additionally, preferences for oral size and shape vary according to factors such as geographical region and ethnicity, further complicating the functional definition of microstomia. Therefore, both subjective patient and physician judgments play crucial roles in the diagnosis and treatment of microstomia, as these may vary depending on individual and societal aspects. This review aims to classify the various causes and definitions of microstomia, as well as its non-surgical and surgical treatment options, with the goal of the treatment of this condition.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2023

Purpose: Influenza is the most common seasonal infectious disease that causes permanent social, economic, and medical problems worldwide. Therefore, the most effective way to prevent influenza is through vaccines. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of factors that determine the refusal of influenza vaccine among three subjects groups. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted amongst the three high-risk groups in 2018-2019 (Moscow, Russia). The survey involved 1,620 parents and pregnant women (group 1), 324 doctors (group 2), and 433 students (group 3). Poor vaccine uptake was observed among respondents in all three groups. Results: According to the survey results, only 22.2% of children and 13.8% of adults were vaccinated against influenza. Group 2 showed increased rates with 36.7% of vaccinated adults and 58.7% of children. The lowest adherence to annual vaccinations was recorded in group 3 (only 17.3%). There is also a negative correlation between adherence to vaccination and smoking (-0.66), unhealthy diet (-0.73), poor oral hygiene (-0.61), and insufficient awareness of the need for influenza vaccine as well (-0.81). Conclusion: Thus, a general lack of vaccination awareness has a fundamental role in forming a negative attitude toward influenza vaccine. It is necessary to conduct research to promote vaccination against influenza to improve vaccine uptake among high-risk groups, particularly students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.170-178
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• 2024

This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the risk using data from 329 safety accidents that occurred in aquaculture fisheries management vessels over the recent five years (2018-2022). For quantitative risk analysis, the Bayesian network proposed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) was used to analyze the risk level according to the fishing process and cause of safety accidents. Among the work processes, the fishing process was analyzed to have the highest risk, being 12.5 times that of the navigation, 2.7 times that of the maintenance, and 8.8 times that of the loading and unloading. Among the causes of accidents, the hull and working environment showed the highest risk, being 1.7 times that of fishing gear and equipment, 4.7 times that of machinery and equipment, and 9.4 times that of external environment. By quantitatively analyzing the safety accident risks for 64 combinations of these four work processes and four accident causes, this study provided fundamental data to reduce safety accidents occurring in aquaculture fisheries management vessels.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.243-261
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• 2024

In this study, samples were collected from various ancient wooden shipwrecks, including the Shinan shipwreck and Jindo shipwreck that used iron nails, the Yeongheungdo shipwreck carrying iron artifacts, as well as the Sibidongpado shipwreck and Wando shipwreck where degradation products were not observed, all of which were salvaged by the National Research Institute of Maritime Heritage. The aim was to analyze the characteristics of degradation products generated by iron (Fe) within the salvaged wooden shipwreck materials and establish fundamental data on degradation products in waterlogged archaeological wood. The analysis revealed that sulfur (S) is generally accumulated in wood obtained from marine environments. It was observed that the content of inorganic substances such as iron and sulfur was significantly higher in the Shinan shipwreck, Jindo shipwreck, and Yeongheungdo shipwreck compared to Sibidongpado shipwreck and Wando shipwreck, which used wooden nails. This indicates that the presence of iron affects the accumulation of degradation products and suggests that iron is a factor in the corrosion of wood. Furthermore, crystallin compounds were observed within the cell walls, and higher concentrations of iron and sulfur were found in the resin ducts, rays, and radial tissues. This suggests that during desalination and consolidation treatments, warm water or polyethylene glycol (PEG) may move degradation factors into resincanals, rays, radial tissues, etc.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.64-84
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• 2023

Purpose:Plaster splints are routinely performed in the Emergency Department (ED) and avoidable complications such as skin ulcerations and fracture instability arise mainly due to improper techniques. Despite its frequent use, there is often no formal training on the fundamental principles of plaster splint application for a medical officer rotating through ED. We aim to use Quality Improvement (QI) methodology to reduce number of incorrect plaster splint application to improve overall patient care via a bundled educational solution. Methods: We initiated a QI program implementing concepts derived from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement models, including Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, to decrease the rate of incorrect plaster splint application. A bundled education solution consisting of three sequential interventions (practical teaching session, online video lecture and quick reference cards) were formulated to specifically target critical factors that had been identified as the cause of incorrect plaster splints in ED. Results: With the QI intervention, our overall rate of incorrect plaster splints was reduced from 84.1% to 68.6% over a 6-month period. Conclusion: Following the QI project implementation of the bundled educational solution, there has been a sustained reduction in incorrect plaster splints application. The continuation of the training program also ensures the sustainability of our efforts in ED.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.735-749
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to derive solutions and prevent similar cases from occurring by analyzing the causes of cracks found in temperature cycling tests of rocket motor. Methods: By combining the results of the current state confirmation test, non-destructive test, domestic and foreign rocket motor comparison test, cutting test, and adhesion test according to the number of times to apply mold release agent, a Cause and Effect Diagram analysis was performed to derive the cause of cracks. Results: Through this study, 26 factors that could cause cracking in rocket motors during temperature cycling tests were identified. Through various additional test results, a total of five causes were identified, including chemical and structural design of the joint between the propellant and stress relief insert, omission of procedure in the manufacturing procedures, natural aging due to temperature, and load accumulation due to temperature changes. The fundamental cause was confirmed to be insufficient consideration of the release properties of the propellant and stress relief insert. Conclusion: During the design process, it was confirmed that this could be solved by structurally or chemically designing the insert so that it does not combine with the propellant, or by applying a mold release agent during the manufacturing process.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.216-223
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• 2024

Electric propulsion systems, including electrothermal, electrostatic, and electromagnetic thrusters, are promising systems for producing thrust from satellites. These systems generally operate under vacuum plasma conditions and exhibit high specific impulses and thrust-to-weight ratios. Despite their high efficiencies, electric propulsion systems are susceptible to performance variations due to physical factors such as plasma instabilities, which require an accurate diagnosis of their status during operation. In this study, we review various measurement systems adopted to diagnose electric propulsion systems operating under vacuum conditions. Specifically, we review electrical, optical, and other methods that can directly or indirectly measure the status of a thruster, with a particular focus on Hall effect thrusters. The system configurations and fundamental mechanisms of the different measurement systems are described based on case studies of the diagnosis of propulsion systems. We anticipate that this study will contribute to the efficient development and safe operation of electric propulsion systems for use in artificial satellites.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2005

Electro-thermal production of white phosphorus(WP, P4) generates substantial amount of highly toxic phossy water and sludges. Because of their high phosphorus contents and lack of reliable processing technology, large tonnages of these hazardous wastes have accumulated from current and past operations in the United States. In this study, two different methods for treatment of phosphorus sludge were investigated. These were bulk removal of WP by physical separation(froth flotation) and transformation of WP to oxyphosphorus compounds by air oxidation in the sludge medium. Kerosene, among other collectors, resulted in selective flotation of WP from the associated mineral gangue. Solvent action of kerosene occurring on the WP surface(by rendering WP particles hydrophobic) might produce the high selectivity of WP. The WP recovery in the froth was 79.3% from a sludge assaying 34.2% of WP. In the oxidation study, air gas was dispersed in the sludge medium by the rapid rotation of the impeller blades. The high level of sludge agitation intensity caused a fast completion of the oxidation reactions and it resulted in the high percentage conversion of WP to PO4-3 with PO3-3 making up almost all portion of oxyphosphorus compounds. The WP analysis on the treated sludge showed that supernatant solution and solid residue contained an average of 4.2 μg/L and 143 ppm respectively from the sludge containing about 26 g of WP. Further investigation will be required on operational factors to better understand the processes and achieve an optimum condition.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.264-279
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• 2015

This study is conducted to investigate the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, and revisit intention of franchise snack bars customers located in Busan. The quality of franchise Korean snack bars' service was estimated by examining three sub-dimensions: service environment factors, interaction factors, and outcome quality factors, which are classified from Brady & Cronin's third-dimensional model. The survey was performed from March 9th to March 13th in 2015. Total 300 questionnaires were distributed and 272 questionnaires were employed for final analysis. SPSS 21.0 program was used to derive the following: factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation, simple regression and multiple regression analysis. In results, the approachableness such as convenience for access was the most important reason when people choose a franchise Korean snack bar company followed by food taste and reasonable price. In addition, the results indicate that service environment quality, interaction quality, and outcome quality have all positive impact on the customers' satisfaction as well as revisit intention. Specifically, outcome quality have the greatest influence on the satisfaction and revisit intention among three service quality factors. This outcome proves that Korean snack bar franchise companies need to investigate more to improve their outcome quality such as food quality and serving time to satisfy customers. In conclusion, current study confirmed the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, and revisit intention in context of franchise snack bar stores. These results will suggest the snack bar foodservice segmentation as valuable marketing strategic, and that it can be utilized as a fundamental data to establish an efficient business plan in the industry.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2016

This study aims to suggest the framework of functional assessment on lotic area based on HGM(Hydrogeomorphic) approach targeting Wetland Protected Areas which are in the type of river channel, and to set up the fundamental data as a reference wetland. A total of 10 factors in terms of hydrology, biogeochemistry, plant habitat and animal habitat was analyzed based on the original approach of HGM and each Functional Capacity Index(FCI) of those factors was calculated. As the result of the modified FCI analysis, Damyang riverine wetland which is with artificial river bank had high values in the variables of area ratio of actual vegetation in the foreland, the number of plant per area and the area ratio of Salix spp., and those values were highly reflected on the factors of Nutrient Cycling(947,668.00), Species Richness and Maintain Characteristic Plant Communites(6.39) and Maintain Spatial Structure of Habitat(11.00). The Hanbando wetland which is keeping the natural bank had higher values in the variables of structural scale and species diversity, and the those values were highly reflected on the factors of Energy Dissipation(17,805.16), Subsurface Storage of Water(0.54), Removal of Imported Elements and Compounds(103,052.73), Maintain Characteristic Detrital Biomass(2.31), Maintenance of Interspersion and Connectivity (6.50), Species Diversity of Benthic macro-invertebrates(1.60) and Species Diversity of Vertebrate & Species Number of Other Animals(2.52/ 151.50), compared to the Damyang Riverine Wetland.