• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.120-130
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• 1995

To analyze the mechanical property and the residual stress in functionally gradient materials(FGMs), disctype TZP/Ni-and TZP/SUS304-FGM were hot pressed using powder metallurgy compared with directly bonded materials which were fabricated by the same method. The continuous interface and the microstructure of FGMs were characterized by EPMA, WDS, optical microscope and SEM. By fractography, the fracture behavior of FGMs was mainly influenced by the defects which originated from the fabrication process. And the defectlike cracks in the FGMs induced by the residual stress have been shown to cause failure. This fact has well corresponded to the analysis of the residual stress distribution by Finite Element Method (FEM). The residual stress generated on the interface (between each layer, and matrix and second phase, respectively) were dominantly influenced on the sintering temperature and the material constants. As a consequence, the interfacial stability and the relaxation of residual stress could be obtained through compositional gradient.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2004

FGM은 원하는 물성의 점진적인 변화를 통해 재료에 다양한 특성을 확보할 수 있는 방법이다. 여러FGM의 제조 방법 중 분말야금법과 열용사법이 많이 사용되며, FGM적용은 열ㆍ기계적 물성이 요구되는 응용분야에서 가장 전망이 있고 현재 가장 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 경사기능의 도입은 2층 구조의 재료에 비하여 열팽창 계수의 차이에 의한 층간 잔류응력 집중을 완화 시켜 접합 강도와 열 충격 특성 및 열피로 특성 등의 향상을 가져왔다. 그러나 120$0^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온에서 사용되어지는 경우, 표면에서 가까이 위치한 금속부의 산화에 의해서 2층 구조보다 저하된 열피로 특성을 보였다. 이러한 점들은 FGM이 가지고 있는 근본적인 문제이므로 응용처의 환경에 대한 고려가 필요하다. 내열 재료뿐만 아니라, 구조용 재료에서도 기계적 물성의 향상을 위해 FGM이 시도되고 있는 등, 현재까지 응용분야의 확대 가능성은 무한하다. 경사 기능 재료를 실제 적용하는데 있어서 문제점으로 지적되고 있는 점들은 1)경사 기능 재료의 신뢰성, 2)경사 기능 재료의 설계, 3)경사 기능 재료의 제조 공정 등의 세 가지 문제점으로 요약할 수 있다. FGM에서의 물성의 변화는 미세구조의 변화 등으로 단순히 rule of mixture로 해석되지 않는다. 이를 위하여 최근 전산 모사를 통해 조성 경사도 및 재료 선정 등에 대한 연구가 이루어지고 있는 추세이며, 새로운 제조 방법 개발 및 개량이 꾸준히 진행되고 있어 향후 FGM의 적용에 대한 전망은 밝다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제75권3호
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• pp.339-356
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• 2020

In this article, a developed bond-based peridynamic model for functionally graded materials (FGMs) is proposed to simulate the dynamic fracture behaviors in FGMs. In the developed bond-based peridynamic model for FGMs, bonds are categorized into three different types, including transverse directionally peridynamic bond, gradient directionally peridynamic bond and arbitrary directionally peridynamic bond, according to the geometrical relationship between directions of peridynamic bonds and gradient bonds in FGMs. The peridynamic micromodulus in the gradient directionally and arbitrary directionally peridynamic bonds can be determined using the weighted projection method. Firstly, the standard bond-based peridynamic simulations of crack propagation and branching in the homogeneous PMMA plate are performed for validations, and the results are in good agreement with the previous experimental observations and the previous phase-field numerical results. Then, the numerical study of crack initiation, propagation and branching in FGMs are conducted using the developed bond-based peridynamic model, and the influence of gradient direction on the dynamic fracture behaviors, such as crack patterns and crack tip propagation speed, in FGMs is systematically studied. Finally, numerical results reveal that crack branching in FGMs under dynamic loading conditions is easier to occur as the gradient angle decreases, which is measured by the gradient direction and direction of the initial crack.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.3-8
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• 2001

Dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) are obtained when a crack propagates with constant velocity in rectangular functionally gradient materials (FGMs) under dynamic mode III load. To obtain the dynamic stress intensity factors, it is used the general stress and displacement fields of FGMs for propagating crack and the boundary collocation method (BCM). The stress intensity factors and energy release rates are the greatest in the increasing properties $(\xi>0)$, next constant properties $(\x=0)$ and decreasing properties $(\xi<0)$ under constant crack tip properties and crack tip speed.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.223-233
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• 2006

Layered manufacturing(LM) is emerging as a new technology that enables the fabrication of three dimensional heterogeneous objects such as Multi-materials and Functionally Gradient Materials (FGMs). Among various types of heterogeneous objects, more attention has recently paid on the fabrication of FGMs because of their potentials in engineering applications. The necessary steps for LM fabrication of FGMs include representation and process planning of material information inside an FGM. This paper introduces a new process planning algorithm that takes into account the processing of material information. The detailed tasks are discretization (i.e., decomposition-based approximation of volume fraction), orientation (build direction selection), and adaptive slicing of heterogeneous objects. In particular, this paper focuses on the discretization process that converts all of the material information inside an FGM into material features like geometric features. It is thus possible to choose an optimal build direction among various pre-selected ones by approximately estimating build time. This is because total build time depends on the complexity of features. This discretization process also allows adaptive slicing of heterogeneous objects to minimize surface finish and material composition error. In addition, tool path planning can be simplified into fill pattern generation. Specific examples are shown to illustrate the overall procedure.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2001

경사기능재료(FGM)는 일반적으로 세라믹스나 금속과 같은 서로 다른 재료로 이루어져 있다. FGM의 성질은 조성구배, 미세조직, 기공율에 의해 변화가 일어난다. 본 연구에서는 입방체 AlN/Al-$Al_3$Ti FGM은 분말야금공정으로 제조하였고 그 특성을 관찰하였다. Al에 서로 다른 Mg와 Ti 분말을 steel 몰드에 조성구배를 폭넓게 하여 적층, 혼합하였다. 소결온도와 Mg의 양을 점점 증가시킴으로써 형성된 AlN의 양도 더 증가하였다. AlN과 $Al_3$Ti는 조성구배를 XRD 분석, 광학현미경으로 조직을 관찰하였으며 미소경도시험을 행하였다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.454-458
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• 1996

The computer simulated CVD phase diagrams were completed by the stoichiometric algorithm. Three kinds of SiC/C FGMs: stepwise, semi-continuous, and continuous specimens were prepared according to the simulation. These three types of FGMs and SiC non-FGMs were compared through various thermal test and measurement. In overall judgment, the semi-continuously deposited FGM specimens out of three kinds showed excellent thermal properties as well as a good adhesion to each sub-layer.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 1993년도 추계학술강연 및 발표대회강연 및 발표논문 초록집
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• pp.2-2
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• 1993

The present status of the thennomechanica1 evaluation of functionally gradient materials(FGMs) for space plane application was reviewed, in which research activities and the cooperation of the national project team organized to study FGM science were demonstrated. The project team was divided into three working groups; de singing, processing and evaluation, each of which had their own tasks in the project cooperation. The testings details of the various thennomechanical tests for the FGM samples fabricated by the processing groups were described, along with their corresponding heating conditions of the real environments in the space plane application. For small-sized samples, laser beam heating test and burner heating test were well applied to study the heat shielding and heat resisting properties. Arc-heated wind tunnel test and high temperature!high velocity gas flow test were used for large-sized panel assemblies having cooling structures. The criteria for the evaluation of the heat shielding and heat resisting properties of the FGMs, as well as a crack activation mechanism in their differential temperature heating, were proposed on the basis of the observation in the burner heating test.

• 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정성장학회 1997년도 Proceedings of the 12th KACG Technical Meeting and the 4th Korea-Japan EMGS (Electronic Materials Growth Symposium)
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• pp.7-11
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• 1997

SiC/C functionally gradient material (FGMs) were formed on graphite substrates by hot-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique using the SiCl$_4$-C$_3$H8-H$_2$ chemistry. Thermochemical equilibrium calculations were carried out to investigate the deposition process. The effect of process variables on the deposition yield and the SiC/C ratio in deposited layers was studied in detail. Calculated results showed a reasonable agreement with the experiment in a qualitative sense. SiC/C FGMs with excellent mechanical and thermal properties could be successfully formed on graphite substrates by carefully controlling the compositions in the deposited layers.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.851-858
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• 2010

함수구배재료에서 구배방향을 따라 전파하는 천이모드 III 균열에 대한 일반적인 탄성해를 근접해법으로 얻었다. 함수구배재료의 전단계수 및 밀도는 구배방향을 따라 지수형적으로 변화한다고 가정하였다. 균열선단의 응력과 변위장은 응력확대계수 및 균열선단속도의 시간변화율에 의존하는 계수들을 갖는 방사상 좌표계의 누승으로 얻었다. 비균질성과 천이계수들이 응력 및 변위장의 고차항에 미치는 영향에 대하여 토론하였다.