• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.97-105
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of functional strengthening exercise on static and dynamic standing balance in a child with cerebral palsy. The subject was a 7 year old boy with diplegia whose Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) score was 80% along with G1 of the lower extremities in Modified Ashworth Scale. The subject was ambulatory with some degree of limitation and demonstrated muscle weakness and strength asymmetry in the lower extremities. A changing criterion design for a single-subject research was used for this study. The functional strengthening exercise consisted of lower extremity ergometer exercise and knee exercise with grading movement in standing position, each for 20 minutes, which lasted 18 sessions for 6 weeks. A knee extensor strength test on both extremities and standing balance test were conducted after each functional strengthening exercise. Two types of standing balance were tested: one leg stance test and functional reach test. One leg stance test was to evaluate static standing balance, and functional reach test was to evaluate dynamic standing balance. The results showed that the functional strengthening exercise had some positive effects on improvement of both static and dynamic standing balance, and there was a positive correlation between the knee strength and standing balance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.293-301
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• 2011

Purpose : The purposes of this study were to investigate the age-related difference in balance ability in the elderly over 65 years and to verify the clinical usefulness of the functional reach test (FRT) for balance evaluation of the elderly through the sensory organization test (SOT). Methods : The subjects were forty-six community dwelling elderly people over 65 years old in order to verify the correlation of balance measures and to compare the balance ability. Balance was measured using the FRT and the six sub-equilibrium scores and the composite equilibrium score of the SOT. Pearson's product correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationships among these measurements of balance. Results : There was a significant difference in functional reach by age in the elderly (p<.01). There was a significant negative correlation between the FRT and the age of the elderly (r=-.396, p<.01). There was also significant high positive correlation between the FRT and the eye closed sway surface (EC/SS) (r=.789, p<.01), and composite equilibrium score (r=.548, p<.01) of the SOT. Conclusion : Thus, it is possible to use the FRT as a quantitative measure of balance, rather than the SOT, which is more expensive and complicated to evaluate elderly people. According to the results of this study, the use of the FRT is required clinically to objectively measure the balance of elderly people in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

PURPOSE: This pre-post intervention study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-week supervised modified Taekwondo exercise program on the functional fitness of community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: 10 participants (mean age: 72.3 ± 4.6 years) completed the program over a 12-week period. The intervention consisted of Taekwondo-based exercises modified for older persons. Changes to functional fitness were measured using the finger-to-nose test, functional reach test, timed up and go test, 30-second sit-to-stand test, 30-second arm curl test, Chester step test, chair sit-and-reach test, and back scratch test. Participants were assessed prior to the training and after the final training session, changes were measured using descriptive statistics and paired sample 't' tests. RESULTS: Effect sizes ranged from small to large (Cohen's d = .22 to 1.23). The exercise program was well- tolerated by participants, with a high level of engagement and no attrition for the duration of the program. Results showed significant improvements in most measures of functional fitness (p < .05) except for the back scratch test (p = .051). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a well-designed, supervised, modified Taekwondo exercise program can significantly improve functional fitness in older adults.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.207-213
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of the current study was to investigate EMG activity on dynamic balance of subjects with functional lumbar instability following fatigue of low back. Methods: The subjects (24 university students) were divided into 2 groups; functional lumbar instability group (6 males and 6 females) and lumbar stable group (7 males and 5 females) who could complete a questionnaire and undergo a prone instability test. All participants were evaluated for distribution of muscle activity using the TeleMyo DTSTM system. Dynamic balance was tested by Y balance test. This study was conducted for measurement of EMG activity on dynamic balance with the difference between FLIG and control group following muscle fatigue. Results: The functional lumbar instability group (FLIG) showed a significantly lower YBT score (%) of anterior, posterolateral direction on Y-balance test (YBT) in dynamic balance than the lumbar stable group (LSG) (p<0.05). The FLIG was significantly lower than the LSG in anterior direction in EMG activity(%) of MF, RA, ES, GMX, GME, RF, and posteromedial direction in EMG activity(%) of IO, ES and then posterolateral direction in EMG activity(%) of IO, ES in dynamic balance (p<0.05). There was significant correlation of MF, RA, and GMX in anterior reach direction (p<0.05) and ES, GME (p<0.01) and IO, ES in posteromedial reach direction (p<0.05) and EO, ES, GMX in posterolateral reach direction (p<0.05) there was positive correlation. Conclusion: This study showed that FLIG effected EMG activity by dynamic balance following muscle fatigue. Further study is needed for measurement of various ages and work with lumbar instability for clinical application.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lumbar stabilization exercise on balance ability in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Methods: This study was one group pretest-posttest design. Twenty young idiopathic scoliosis patients were recruited for this study. They had the lumbar stabilization exercise program for 40 minutes a day, three times per week for 3 weeks. The lumbar trunk muscle endurance test and clinical balance tests (functional forward reach, functional lateral reach, Fukuda 50-stepping, one leg standing with eyes open and eyes closed) were measured before and after the lumbar stabilization exercise. Results: There were significant differences between pre-and post-test in absolute value of the difference between right and left lateral reach, distance of Fukud 50-stepping and one leg standing on the each side with eyes closed(p<.05). The results showed that the lumbar trunk muscle endurance significantly increased(p<.05). Conclusion: In this study indicated that the lumbar stabilization exercise was effective on balance ability and lumbar trunk muscle endurance in patients with young idiopathic scoliosis.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.17-26
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• 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of heel raising with kinesio taping (HRKT) on triceps surae muscle activity and balance in 20s adults. Design: Two groups pre-post randomized controlled design. Methods: The total of 40 subjects were randomly divided in the HRKT group (experimental group, n=21) and heel raising with sham kinesio taping (control group, n=19). Both groups receive heel raising with kinesio taping and sham kinesio taping for 20 minutes a day, five day per week, for four weeks. Measurement were performed before training and 4 weeks after training. The triceps surae muscle activity was measured using the EMG. A functional reach test (FRT) was used to evaluate balance ability. The independent t-test was conducted to compare exercise methods depending on the taping effect on each group. Results: The both group showed significant differences in muscle activity of lower extremity and functional reach test in the pre-post intervention comparison (p<0.05). The experimental group showed significantly more improvement in triceps surae muscle activity and functional reach test compared to the control group(p<0.05). Conclusion: We confirmed that the effects of heel-raising with kinesio taping group on triceps surae muscle activity and balance ability in 20s adults. The result suggest that heel raising with kinesio taping for 20s adults should be further studied and considered.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2014

Purpose: We investigate to evaluate the effects of scapular stabilization exercise on dynamic standing balance in stroke patients. Methods: Thirty hemiplegic patients participated was divided into control group and training group randomly. Control group(n=15) had only general rehabilitation training and training group (n=15) had both the general rehabilitation training and intensive scapular stabilization exercise. They were treated for 15minute/5 times/4 week. We measured PALM (palpation meter) to measure affected side's distances from spine to scapular. We measured FRT (functional reach test), FSST (four squared step test), and BPM (balance performance monitering) to evaluate dynamic standing balance. Results: Training group showed a significant difference in the distances from spine to scapular, FRT, FSST, and variables of BPM comparing control group (p<0.05). But control group was not significant difference. Conclusion: These results suggest that scapular stabilization exercises have positive effects on dynamic standing position.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2020

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of a whole body vibration-exercise program on the muscle strength, balance, and falling efficacy of super-aged women. METHODS: Thirty participants, who are over 75 years of age, were recruited. They were assigned randomly to an experimental group (n=15), which received whole body vibration exercise, and a control group (n=15), which received an exercise program that did not include vibration. The interventions lasted for four weeks, three times a day, and 25 minutes per session. To compare the effects of the intervention, a 30-second chair stand test (CST), Korean version of Berg balance scale (K-BBS), functional reach test (FRT), timed up and go test (TUG), and Korean version of the falls efficacy scale (K-FES) was used. RESULTS: The experimental group showed a significant increase (p.<05) before and after the intervention in the chair stand test (CST), Korean version of the Berg balance scale (K-BBS), functional reach test (FRT), timed up-and-go (TUG), and Korean version of the fall efficacy scale (K-FES). Compared to the control group, the experiment group showed a more significant increase (p.<05) in the CST, K-BBS, and FRT. CONCLUSION: A whole body vibration exercise program could be suggested as an effective intervention method for muscle and balance strengthening for super-aged women.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8weeks of exercise station training with elastic band and swissball on body compositions and balance ability for elderly women. Methods: This study was designed as a experimental pre-post exercise station training evaluation. The experimental group performed exercises with band and ball for 8 weeks. The effects of the program were assessed using instruments measuring the body compositions and balance ability before and after participating in the training program. Results: There were no significant differences in body compositions and index of falling down risk, however, there were significant differences with balance index, functional reach test and one leg stand test. Conclusion: These findings suggest that exercise station training with elastic band and swissball can serve as an effective means of improving balance ability in elderly women.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Purpose: We studied the correlation between BBS (Berg Balance Scale), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed-Up & Go test (TUG), Stability Index (STI), MBI (Modified Barthel Index), and Fall History. Methods: We recruited 20 stroke patients from the Gang Dong Gu Health Care Center in Seoul, Korea. All subjects could walk with or without an assisting device. Subjects first completed a questionnaire pertaining to their fall history and Activity of Daily Living (MBI), and then were evaluated with BBS, TUG, FRT, and STI. We used the Tetrax posturography system that calculates a STI based on fluctuations in vertical ground reaction forces. The data were analyzed using a Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results: The BBS and FRT (p<0.05) and MBI (p<0.01) showed a significant positive correlation. BBS negatively correlated with STI and TUG (p<0.01). Fall history and BBS, TUG, MBI, FR, STI did not correlate. Conclusion: The BBS helps predict weight shifting, walking, and ADL, but is not good for predicting fall risk. So, we need to study about factors that affect falling.