• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2010

Cholinesterase (ChE) is one of the most ubiquitous enzymes and in addition to its well characterized catalytic function, the morphogenetic involvement of ChE has also been demonstrated in neuronal tissues and in non-neuronal tissues such as bone and cartilage. We have previously reported that during mouse tooth development, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is dynamically localized in the dental epithelium and its derivatives whereas butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity is localized in the dental follicles. To test the functional conservation of ChE in tooth morphogenesis among different species, we performed cholinesterase histochemistry following the use of specific inhibitors of developing molar and incisors in the hamster from embryonic day 11 (E11) to postnatal day 1 (P1). In the developing molar in hamster, the localization of ChE activity was found to be very similar to that of the mouse. At the bud stage, no ChE activity was found in the tooth buds, but was first detectable in the dental epithelium and dental follicles at the cap and bell stages. AChE activity was found to be principally localized in the dental epithelium whereas BuChE activity was observed in the dental follicle. In contrast to the ChE activity in the molars, BuChE activity was specifically observed in the secretory ameloblasts of the incisors, whilst no AChE activity was found in the dental epithelium of incisors. The subtype and localization of ChE activity in the dental epithelium of the incisor thus differed from those of the molar in hamster. In addition, these patterns also differed from the ChE activity in the mouse incisor. These results strongly suggest that ChE may play roles in the differentiation of the dental epithelium and dental follicle in hamster, and that morphogenetic subtypes of ChE may be variable among species and tooth types.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.165-176
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• 1988

안점의 꽃갯지렁이(Pseudopotamilla occelata) 난모세포의 표면의 구조적 변화를 전자현미경으로 연구하였다.일단 난소로부터 방출되어나온 직경 5 $\mu$ m정도의 난모세포가 동일한 체강액에서 직경 185 $\mu$ mR까지 성장하는 난자형성중 난모세포의 난황막은 구조적으로 변하였다. 미융모(microvilli)는 구조, 수량 및 행동에 변화를 보였다. 전난황형성기에 미융모는 길이가 짧고 두 갈래로 갈라져 있었다. 난자형성이 진행됨에 따라 미융모의 길이는 계속 증가하는 반면 수는 전난황 형성기까지만 증가하고 난황형성기는 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 미융모 끝에 Glycocaiyx구조가 전난황형성초기에서부터 형성되는 것이 보이는데, 이구조는 난모세포의 성장과 함께 수적으로 점차 증가하다가 마지막 단계에서 일정하게 유지되었다. 난자형성 말기에 미융모의 수축과 동시에 미융모의 끝이 줄기로부터 분리되면서 조그만 소낭이 형성되어 난화막 표면에 남게 되었다. 난화막은 처음에는 와층(outer layer),중간층(intermediate layer),및 내층(inner layer)의 3층으로 되어있었으나, 외층과 중간층은 난자형성 전기간을 통하여 구조적으로 거의 일정하지만, 내층은 그 두께가 두터워지고 80 $\mu$m의 난모세포에서부터는 두개의 층으로 다시 나뉘어지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이와같은 구조적인 변화는 아마도 난모세포의 표면이 비록 동일한 환경에서 일지라도 단계에 따라 기능적으로 다르게 분화한 결과로 생각되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2017

Background: BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies. Methods: We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses, reporter gene assays involving overexpression of toll-like receptor adaptor molecules, and immunoblotting analysis. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to measure the antioxidative activity. We cotransfected adaptor molecules, including the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-receptor domain containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-${\beta}$ (TRIF), to measure the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Results: BIOGF1K suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered NO release in macrophages as well as DPPH-induced electron-donating activity. It also blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA levels of interferon-${\beta}$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, BIOGF1K diminished the translocation and activation of IRF3 and NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50 and p65). This extract inhibited the upregulation of NF-${\kappa}B$-linked luciferase activity provoked by phorbal-12-myristate-13 acetate as well as MyD88, TRIF, and inhibitor of ${\kappa}B$ ($I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$) kinase ($IKK{\beta}$), and IRF3-mediated luciferase activity induced by TRIF and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Finally, BIOGF1K downregulated the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway by blocking $IKK{\beta}$ and the IRF3 pathway by inhibiting TBK1, according to reporter gene assays, immunoblotting analysis, and an AKT/$IKK{\beta}$/TBK1 overexpression strategy. Conclusion: Overall, our data suggest that the suppression of $IKK{\beta}$ and TBK1, which mediate transcriptional regulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF3, respectively, may contribute to the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of BIOGF1K.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.633-641
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• 2014

천연색소로 사용되는 식물류 11종(쪽, 아카시아, 코치닐, 아선약, 포도과피, 태수, 헤나, 국화, 붉은백단향, 대황, 서양꼭두서니)의 생리활성 규명을 위해 열수 추출 분말을 제조하여 항산화 및 항비만 활성을 비교 분석하였다. 총 페놀 함량은 아선약 추출물이 348.23 mg/g으로 가장 높았다. DPPH, ABTS 라디칼 소거능 및 FRAP법에 의한 환원력도 아선약 추출물의 활성이 가장 높았다. ${\beta}$-carotene linoleic acid system을 이용한 항산화 활성은 아카시아 추출물이 가장 높았다. 소화효소 저해 효과를 측정한 결과, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 저해 활성은 아카시아 추출물이 93.93%로 가장 높았고, ${\alpha}$-amylase 저해 활성은 아선약 추출물이 64.53%로 가장 높았다. Trypsin 저해 활성은 아카시아 추출물이 60% 이상으로 가장 높았고, ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin 저해 활성은 아선약 추출물이 40% 이상으로 가장 높았다. ipase 저해 활성은 아카시아 추출물이 52.73%로 가장 높았다. 3T3-L1 세포에 대한 지방 축적률은 아선약 추출물이 55.8%로 가장 낮아 지방세포 분화 억제 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 식물류 색소원료의 중 아선약 추출물과 아카시아 추출물은 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었으며, 탄수화물, 단백질 및 지방 분해효소 저해에도 상당한 효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났는데, 이러한 결과는 페놀 함량과 상관관계가 높은 것으로 판단된다. 특히 아선약 추출물의 경우 지방세포 분화 억제를 통해 항비만 활성을 나타내는 것으로 판단이 되며 그와 관련된 메커니즘 연구는 좀 더 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.266-271
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• 2017

Synthetic cannabinoids are one of most abused new psychoactive substances. The recreational use of abused drug has aroused serious concerns about the consequences of these drugs on infection. However, the effects of synthetic cannabinoid on resistance to tetanus toxin are not fully understood yet. In the present study, we aimed to determine if the administration of synthetic cannabinoids increase the susceptibility to tetanus toxin-induced motor behavioral deficit and functional changes in cerebellar neurons in mice. Furthermore, we measured T lymphocytes marker levels, such as CD8 and CD4 which against tetanus toxin. JWH-210 administration decreased expression levels of T cell activators including cluster of differentiation (CD) $3{\varepsilon}$, $CD3{\gamma}$, CD74p31, and CD74p41. In addition, we demonstrated that JWH-210 induced motor impairment and decrement of vesicle-associated membrane proteins 2 levels in the cerebellum of mice treated with tetanus toxin. Furthermore, cerebellar glutamatergic neuronal homeostasis was hampered by JWH-210 administration, as evidenced by increased glutamate concentration levels in the cerebellum. These results suggest that JWH-210 may increase the vulnerability to tetanus toxin via the regulation of immune function.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2009

This study was performed to compare the effects of immuno-modulating activities of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. fractionized by consecutive solvent separation. The Cytotoxicity of all fractionized extracts on human kidney cell (HEK293) was lower than crude extracts. Generally, the butanol and chloroform extracts showed less cytotoxicity on about 10.07% and 9.67% than the crude extracts. For human immune B and T cell growth, chloroform fraction showed the highest cell growth compared to the control. The secretion of cytokines (IL-6, $TNF-\alpha$) on human B and T cells were increased by adding chloroform extracts. Also, NK cell growth was significantly improved up to nearly 30% by adding the supernatant of B cell medium grown with the chloroform fraction. It was also found that chloroform fraction could yield higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than untreated control cells. Differentiation of HL-60 cells was increased up to 131.9% after treatment with chloroform fraction extracts, compared to the control. These results indicate that the chloroform fraction of R. sachalinensis have high immune activation activity than others fractions and the crude extracts, implying that this chloroform fractions could be used a new functional material.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.658-669
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• 2021

Enhancers have been conventionally perceived as cis-acting elements that provide binding sites for trans-acting factors. However, recent studies have shown that enhancers are transcribed and that these transcripts, called enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), have a regulatory function. Here, we identified putative eRNAs by profiling and determining the overlap between noncoding RNA expression loci and eRNA-associated histone marks such as H3K27ac and H3K4me1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Of the 132 HCC-derived noncoding RNAs, 74 overlapped with the eRNA loci defined by the FANTOM consortium, and 65 were located in the proximal regions of genes differentially expressed between normal and tumor tissues in TCGA dataset. Interestingly, knockdown of two selected putative eRNAs, THUMPD3-AS1 and LINC01572, led to downregulation of their target mRNAs and to a reduction in the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. Additionally, the expression of these two noncoding RNAs and target mRNAs was elevated in tumor samples in the TCGA dataset, and high expression was associated with poor survival of patients. Collectively, our study suggests that noncoding RNAs such as THUMPD3-AS1 and LINC01572 (i.e., putative eRNAs) can promote the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation and that the dysregulation of these noncoding RNAs can cause cancers such as HCC.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.957-966
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• 2021

Objective: Ovarian follicular development, which dependent on the proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells (GCs), is a complex biological process in which miRNA plays an important role. Our previous study showed that miR-458b-5p is associated with ovarian follicular development in chicken. The detailed function and molecular mechanism of miR-458b-5p in GCs is unclear. Methods: The luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between miR-458b-5p and catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1), which is an important transcriptional regulatory factor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeling were applied to explore the effect of miR-458b-5p on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of chicken GCs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels. Results: We demonstrated that the expression of miR-458b-5p and CTNNB1 showed the opposite relationship in GCs and theca cells of hierarchical follicles. The luciferase reporter assay confirmed that CTNNB1 is the direct target of miR-458b-5p. Using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry with PI and Annexin V-FITC labeling, we observed that transfection with the miR-458b-5p mimics significantly reduced proliferation and has no effects on apoptosis of chicken GCs. In addition, miR-458b-5p decreased the mRNA and protein expression of CD44 molecule and matrix metallopeptidase 7, which are the downstream effectors of CTNNB1 in Wnt/β-Catenin pathway and play functional roles in cell proliferation. Conclusion: Taken together, the data indicate that miR-458b-5p regulates ovarian GCs proliferation through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting CTNNB1, suggesting that miR-458b-5p and its target gene CTNNB1 may potentially play a role in chicken ovarian follicular development.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.103-117
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• 2021

인구 및 기술의 변화속도가 빠른 현재 상황에서 장수명주택인증은 건물의 물리적 및 기능적 수명 연장 견인책이다. 장수명주택 인증요건인 가변성과 수리용이성은 인필요소를 구조와 구분하여 교체 및 변경하도록 유도한다. 이러한 방식은 공업화주택의 특징과도 부합하여 설계 및 시공방법의 변화로 두 가지 주택 유형은 함께 활성화될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 특징을 고려하여 OSC공법을 활용한 공동주택 모델이 장수명주택 인증기준을 충족하도록 계획하였다. 이러한 결과로 평면가변성 및 설비배관의 설치방법, 화장실 공사 방법 등을 습식 공법과는 다른 방식을 적용하여 제시하였다. 가변형 평면은 22m²와 46m²의 두 가지 타입 평면을 확장하여 69m²평면을 만드는 세대통합방법 그리고 가변 가능한 건식패널 벽체를 활용하여 69m²평면을 여러 가지로 계획하는 방법을 제안했다. 이러한 가변성은 9m×10.5m 스팬의 강콘크리트 합성구조 및 일체형 슬래브로 SI시스템 중 서포트 부분을 구성하고 비내력 외벽 및 내벽, 배관 등을 인필부분으로 구분하여 건축구성재를 부품화하는 방식으로 만들 수 있다. 이러한 서포트와 인필 분리 만으로도 시공법과 관련된 기준을 상당부분 충족할 수 있다. 현재 인필요소를 교체 용이하게 하는 기술은 탄소저감 등에서 국가에 편익이 증가할 수 있으므로 활성화를 위해 세제혜택 등의 인센티브 도입을 검토할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권12호
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• pp.32.1-32.10
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• 2018

Background: Necdin (NDN), a member of the melanoma antigen family showing imprinted pattern of expression, has been implicated as causing Prader-Willi symptoms, and known to participate in cellular growth, cellular migration and differentiation. The region where NDN is located has been associated to QTLs affecting reproduction and early growth in cattle, but location and functional analysis of the molecular mechanisms have not been established. Methods: Here we report the sequence variation of the entire coding sequence from 72 samples of cattle, yak, buffalo, goat and sheep, and discuss its variation in Bovidae. Median-joining network analysis was used to analyze the variation found in the species. Synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates were determined for the analysis of all the polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis were carried out among the species of Bovidae to reconstruct their relationships. Results: From the phylogenetic analysis with the consensus sequences of the studied Bovidae species, we found that only 11 of the 26 nucleotide changes that differentiate them produced amino acid changes. All the SNPs found in the cattle breeds were novel and showed similar percentages of nucleotides with non-synonymous substitutions at the N-terminal, MHD and C-terminal (12.3, 12.8 and 12.5%, respectively), and were much higher than the percentage of synonymous substitutions (2.5, 2.6 and 4.9%, respectively). Three mutations in cattle and one in sheep, detected in heterozygous individuals were predicted to be deleterious. Additionally, the analysis of the biochemical characteristics in the most common form of the proteins in each species show very little difference in molecular weight, pI, net charge, instability index, aliphatic index and GRAVY (Table 4) in the Bovidae species, except for sheep, which had a higher molecular weight, instability index and GRAVY. Conclusions: There is sufficient variation in this gene within and among the studied species, and because NDN carry key functions in the organism, it can have effects in economically important traits in the production of these species. NDN sequence is phylogenetically informative in this group, thus we propose this gene as a phylogenetic marker to study the evolution and conservation in Bovidae.