• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2021

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) structurally resembles sphingolipids and interferes with their metabolism leading to sphingolipid dysregulation. We questioned if FB1 could exacerbate liver or kidney toxicities in glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) and catalase (Cat) knockout mice. While higher serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and sphinganine (Sa) were measured in Gpx1/Cat knockout mice (Gpx1/Cat KO) than wild type mice after 5 days of FB1 treatment, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sphingosine-1 phosphate (So-1-P), and sphinganine-1 phosphate (Sa-1-P) were found to be relatively low. Although Sa was highly elevated in Gpx1/Cat KO mice and wild mice, lower levels of So and Sa were found in both the kidney and liver tissues of Gpx/Cat KO mice than wild type mice after FB1 treatment. Paradoxically, FB1-induced cellular apoptosis and necrosis were hastened under oxidative stress in Gpx1/Cat KO mice.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.310-316
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• 2012

Gibberellea fujikuroi species (Gf) complex comprises at least 15 species, most of which not only causes serious plant diseases, but also produces mycotoxins including fumonisins. Here, we focused on the abilities of the field isolates belonging to the Gf complex associated with rice and corn, respectively in Korea to produce fumonisin, all of which were confirmed to carry FUM1, the polyketide synthase gene essential for fumonisin biosynthesis. A total of 88 Gf complex isolates (55 F. fujikuroi, 10 F. verticillioides, 20 F. proliferatum, 2 F. subglutinans, and 1 F. concentricum), and 4 isolates of F. commune, which is a non-member of Gf complex, were grown on rice substrate and determined for their production levels of fumonisins by a HPLC method. Most isolates of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, regardless of host origins, produced fumonisin $B_1$ and $B_2$ at diverse ranges of levels ($0.5-2,686.4{\mu}g/g$, and $0.7-1,497.6{\mu}g/g$, respectively). In contrast, all the isolates of F. fujikuroi and other Fusarium species examined produced no fumonisins or only trace amounts ($<10{\mu}g/g$) of fumonisins. Interestingly, the frequencies of relatively high fumonisin-producers among the F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi isolates derived from corn were higher than those among the fungal isolates from rice. In addition, it is a first report demonstrating the ability of the FUM1-carrying F. commune isolates from rice to produce fumonisins.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2000

The objective of this experiment is to investigate neurobehavioral and developmental effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) after prenatal FB1 administration in rats. FB1 (0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg) was orally exposed to pregnant rats during gestational days 13 to 20, whereas the vehicle alone was administered to control group. Maternal and offspring body weights, physical landmarks of incisor eruption, eye opening, testes descending and vaginal opening, open field activity, running wheel activity, and complex maze performance were included as endpoints for developmental and neurobehavioral measurement. Maternal body weights were not signfficantly altered after FB1 exposure. Percentage of maternal weight gain difference between control and 1.6 mg/kg FBI groups was about 4%. Pre- and post-weanling weight of offsprings after prenatal exposure to FB1 was not signfficantly changed, suggesting that FB1 at 0.8 or 1.6 kg/kg doses may not cross the placenta. Significant gender difference in running wheel activity on postnatal days 57 to 63 and complex maze performance on postnatal days 75 to 78 was observed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.501-505
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• 1997

The effects of some nutrients and culture conditions on the growth and the production of fumonisin B$_{1}$, (FB$_{1}$) from Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13569 were investigated in liquid culture. Xylose and soytone yielded the highest mycelial growth as the C- and N-source, respectively. The highest level of FB$_{1}$, was obtained when yeast extract was used as the N-source but no FB$_{1}$, from NaNO$_{3}$. While Fe$^{+++}$ showed inhibition effect on FB$_{1}$, production, Zn$^{++}$ enhanced the FB$_{1}$, production as well as the mycelial growth. FB$_{1}$, was maximally produced when the initial pH value and the specific surface area of the medium was adjusted to 5 and 1.4 cm$^{2}$/ml, respectively. FB$_{1}$ formation reached the maximum value (210, 000 ng/ml) in 30 days and then decreased in Czapek medium substitued with 1% xylose and 0.3% yeast extract, and supplemented with 0.2% NH$_{4}$H$_{2}$PO$_{4}$ where the initial pH value and the specific surface area of the medium are optimally controlled.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.25-41
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• 1996

KWON, O. S. SCHMUED, L. C. and LSIKKER, W. JR. Neurotoxiciligy. objectives of this study were to test the hypothesis that fumonisin $B_1$ ($FB_1$) alters sphinganine (Sa) levels and myelin synthesis in the central nervous system of developing rats. $FB_1$ (subcutaneous, 0. 4 or 0. 8 mg/kg/day) from postnatal days (PND) 3 to PND 12 resulted in a significantly increased in the brain of rats given 0. 8 mg $FB_1$/kg/day. To confirm the effect of limited nutrition on changes in the Sa levels and myelinogenesis, rats given 0.8mg $FB_1$/kg/day or treated by limited nutrition (temporary removal from dam during postnatal period) were compared to those in saline controls. Sa levels and Sa/So ratios were compared to those in saline in the 0.8 $FB_1$-treated, 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) activities were decreased significantly in both nutritionally limited and $FB_1$-exposed rats. These data indicate that sphingolipid metabolism in the central nervous system of develiping rats is vulnerable to $FB_1$ exposure. The hypomyelination associated with $FB_1$-treatment may be mediated by limited nutrition.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1999

We investigated the effect of a single intravenous dose of Fumonisin $B_1(FB_1$) of rat kidney on the time sequence. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenouslyin jected with FB$_1$at 1.25 mg/kg and were euthanized at 12 hrs, 1, 2, 4, and 6 days after the injection. In $FB_1$ treated rats, serum BUN and creatinine were elevated from 12 hrs. Microscopically, the initial target site was tubules of inner stripe, with mild degenerative and necrotic changes at 12 hrs, but the tubules recovered on day 4. In outer stripe, there were only a few scattered necrotic cells on day 1. These changes became more obvious over the time passed and most severe on day 4. On day 6, regeneration occurred, manifest as hypertrophic, basophilic tubular cells. The dying cells were proved to necrotic cells instead of apoptotic cells by TUNEL. Ultrastructural changes were cytoplasmic vacuole, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, ballooned microvilli of the tubular cell in the outer stripe. These results showed that the renal tubules of outer medulla were the target to $FB_1$-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat. However, initial target was mner stnpe of medulla.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1996

Fumonisin B$_1$ is hepatotoxic in all species, but liver carcinogenic and nephrotoxic in rat. Our objective was to investigate the effects of multiple iv dose of FB$_1$. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously (iv) with FB$_1$ at 1 mg/kg singly (T1), or daily for 2 (T2) or 3 (T3). T1 rats did not show any cytotoxicity in both liver and kidney. However, the most dramatic change occurred in this group was mitotic figures in liver, which increased 5.5-fold to that of control. Hepatotoxic effects were shown in T3, based on histopathology and serum chemistry. A few scattered single cell deaths occurred primarily in the centrilobular area of the liver in T2. Similar but more lesions in liver and a small number of degenerating cells with hypereosinophilic cytoplasm in outer stripe of medulla of kideny were found in T3 rats. Serum chemical profiles included liver enzymes increased, in which cholesterol was very sensitive. This study suggests that multiple exposure of low dose FB$_1$ cause cytotoxic in the liver earlier time point than kideny. FB$_1$$ also stimulates mitosis in liver that may be associated with carcinogenesis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.281-289
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• 2001

We analyzed 88 strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (Analmorph: Fusarium section Liseola) from maize in Korea for mating population, mating type, fumonisin production vegetative compatibility, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns. We found 50 strains that were MATA-2, 22 that were MATA-1, 1 that was MATD-1, and 15 that were not reproducibly fertile with any of the mating type testers. Of the 50 MATA-2, 15 were female fertile, while 10 of the 22 MATA-1 strains were female fertile. A total of 1,138 nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants were recovered from a total of 88 strains. These strains were grouped into 39 vegetative compatability groups (VCGs) by demonstrating heterokaryosis between nit mutants. A single maize ear could be infected by more than one VCG of F. moniliforme. RAPD analysis measured genetic diversity among 63 strains of F. moniliforme. Several VCGs were distinguished by RAPD fingerprinting patterns. Most strains produced significant levels of fumonisins. However, 6 MATA-2 strains from a single VCG produced higher levels of fumonisin $\textrm{B}_3$ than that of fumonisin $\textrm{B}_1$ or $\textrm{B}_2$. From these data, we concluded that most Korean strains of F. moniliforme associated with maize belonged to mating population A and produced significant levels of fumonisins. Futhermore, RAPD analysis could differentiate strains associated with different VCGs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.610-614
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of fumonisin contamination in corn and corn-based feeds in Taiwan. A total of 233 samples was collected from 8 feed mill factories located in four different regions in Taiwan. The presence of fumonisin $B_1$ ($FB_1$) and $B_2$ ($FB_2$) was determined by thin layer chromatograph, while the total fumonisin content was determined using immuno-affinity column cleanup and fluorometer quantitation. Our results showed that 55 samples of swine feeds had the highest percentage of incidence of $FB_1$ and $FB_2$ (41.8% and 41.8%, respectively), followed by 66 samples of duck feeds (40.9% and 37.8%). However, the percentage of incidence of $FB_1$ and $FB_2$ was much lower in 43 samples of broiler feeds (23.2% and 13.9%) and 69 samples of corn (17.3% and 10.1%). Corn and duck feeds were found to have a significant higher level of means of total fumonisins ($5.4{\pm}1.5$ and $5.8{\pm}0.6$ ppm, respectively) than swine feeds ($2.9{\pm}0.4$ ppm) and broiler feeds ($3.0{\pm}0.5$ ppm). Comparing fumonisins distribution in different regions, the highest percentage of $FB_1$ incidence (39.2%) was found in the eastern region of Taiwan, and total fumonisins level ($4.5{\pm}0.7$ ppm) was significantly higher than other regions. However, the highest percentage of $FB_2$ incidence (32.0%) was found in the central region of Taiwan. Trimonthly analysis of data showed that both high percentage of $FB_1$ and $FB_2$ incidence (39.3% and 37.7%) and total concentration of fumonisin ($5.7{\pm}0.4$ ppm) were found in the period of Jan. to Mar., The incidence and concentration were significantly higher than other trimothly periods. These results indicate that fumonisin B mycotoxins are both widespread and persistent in feed-grade corn and corn-based feeds in Taiwan.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1999

Geranyllinalool, a polyisoprenoid compound, was found to block the early biosynthetic pathway of sphingolipids in LLC-PKl cells. Sphinganine, an intermediate in sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, was abruptly accumulated in LLC-PKl cells at $2{\;}{\mu}M$ of fumonisin B1(FB1), a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase, for 24 hr. Geranyllinalool lowered the $B_1(FB_1)$, a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N-acyltransferase, for 24 hr. Geranyllinalool lowered th FB1 and $50{\;}\mu$M geranyllinalool. l-Cy-closerine, an inhibitor of serine-palmitoyl transferase, was used as a positive control to evaluate the inhibitory effect of geranyllinalool. These results suggest that geranyllinalool may inhibit the serine-palmitoyl transferase, the first enzyme in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, resulting in the altered regulation of sphingolipid metabolism.