• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.961-972
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• 2008

In 2004, total emissions of Greenhouse Gases(GHGs) in Korea was estimated to be about 590 million metric tons, which is the world's 10th largest emissions. Considering the much amount of nation's GHG emissions and growing nation's position in the world, GHG emissions in Korea should be reduced in near future. The CO$_2$ emissions from two sub-sections of energy sector in Korea, such as thermal power plant and industry section(including manufacturing and construction industries), was about 300 million metric tons in 2004 and this is 53.3% of total GHG emissions in Korea. So, the mitigation of CO$_2$ emissions in these two section is more important and more effective to reduce the nation's total GHGs than any other fields. In addition, these two section have high potential to qualitatively and effectively apply the CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage) technologies due to the nature of their process. There are several CCS technologies applied to these two section. In short term, the chemical absorption technology using amine as a absorbent could be the most effectively used. In middle or long term, pre-combustion technology equipped with ATR(Autothermal reforming), or MSR-$H_2$(Methane steam reformer with hydrogen separation membrane reactor) unit and oxyfuel combustion such as SOFC+GT(Solid oxide fuel cell-Gas turbine) process would be the promising technologies to reduce the CO$_2$ emissions in two areas. It is expected that these advanced CCS technologies can reduce the CO$_2$ avoidance cost to $US 8.5-43.5/tCO$_2$. Using the CCS technologies, if the CO$_2$ emissions from two sub-sections of energy sector could be reduced to even 10% of total emissions, the amount of 30 million metric tons of CO$_2$ could be mitigated.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2011

The use of Hydrogen as a fuel is receiving considerable attention and as a result, research on novel methods of hydrogen production is necessary so that the hydrogen demands in the future can be satisfied. This study presents experimental data on methanol Autothermal Reformation that quantifies the relationship between the oxygen-to-methanol ratio ($O_2/CH_3OH$) and reformer efficiency. For each catalyst configuration, the $O_2/CH_3OH$ was varied from 0.1 to 0.4, with an increment of 0.05, to investigate the effects of $O_2/CH_3OH$ on the reactor performance, including temperature profile, conversion, and efficiency. $O_2/CH_3OH$ was increased from 0.15 to 0.20, and the catalyst bed temperature increased by $235^{\circ}C$ to approximately $550^{\circ}C$. The catalyst bed temperature increased with increasing $O_2/CH_3OH$ as the reaction shifted from endothermic to exothermic reaction and as a result, excess heat, which raised the reactor temperature, was generated. The reactor performance was shown to be highly dependent on $O_2/CH_3OH$. The optimum $O_2/CH_3OH$ = 0.30 found in the experimental tests is 30% higher than the theoretical optimum of 0.23. This is attributed to a combination of factors such as the concentrations of the $O_2$ and $CH_3OH$ gas, reaction rate, catalyst effects, heat loss from the reactor, and the difference between the actual amounts of reaction products formed and the theoretical amounts of the reaction products.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.745-753
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• 2016

Micro methanol-steam reformer for fuel cell can effectively produce hydrogen as reforming response to steam takes place in low temperature (less than $250^{\circ}C$). This study conducted numerical research on this reformer. First, study set wall temperature of the reformer at 100, 140, 180 and $220^{\circ}C$ while methanol conversion efficiency was set in 0, 0.072, 3.83 and 46.51% respectively. Then, porosity of catalyst was set in 0.1, 0.35, 0.6 and 0.85 and although there was no significant difference in methanol conversion efficiency, values of pressure drop were 4645.97, 59.50, 5.12 and 0.45 kPa respectively. This study verified that methanol-steam reformer rarely responds under the temperature of $180^{\circ}C$ and porosity does not have much effect on methanol conversion efficiency if the fluid flowing through reformer lowers activation energy by sufficiently contacting reformer.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2008

The GTL(Gas to Liquids) technology, manufacturing synthesized oil from natural gas, had been developed about 1920 for the military purpose by Fischer and Tropsch, German scientists. And 1960, Sasol company had started commercializing the FT(Fischer-Tropsch) synthesis technology, for the transport fuel in South Africa. Until a recent date, the commercialization of GTL technology had been delayed by low oil price. But concern about depletion of petroleum resources, and development in synthesizing technology lead to spotlight on the GTL businesses. Especially, Qatar, which has rich natural gas fields, aims at utilizing natural gas like conventional oil resources. Therefore, around this nation, GTL plants construction has been promoted. There are mainly 3 processes to make GTL products(Diesel, Naphtha, lube oil, etc) from natural gas. The first is synthesis gas generation unit reforming hydrogen and carbomonoxide from natural gas. The second is FT synthesis unit converting synthesized gas to polymeric chain-hydrocarbon. The third is product upgrading unit making oil products from the FT synthesized oil. There are quite a little sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatic compounds in GTL products. GTL product has environmental premium in discharging less harmful particles than refinery oil products from crude to the human body. In short, the GTL is a clean technology, easier transportation mean, and has higher stability comparing to LNG works.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.21-24
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• 2006

수소의 소규모 분산 생산 기술은 본격 적 인 수소 인프라가 도입되기 전에 연료전지 자동차의 수소 충전용이나 분산 발전형 연료전지의 수소 공급을 위해 필요하다. 생산 용량은 수소 기준으로 $20{\sim}100 Nm^3/hr$ 정도로 현재로선 천연가스의 수증기 개 질법이 가장 경제적인 공정으로 알려져 있다. 소규모 생산에 따른 열효율 저하를 줄이 기 위해 단위 공정들이 통합된 컴팩트 개질 시스템의 개발이 필요하다. 연료전지 자동차용 수소 인프라 조기 구축을 위하여 수소충전소 구축과 국산화 천연가스 수증기 개질기 개발을 병행하여 진행하였다. 수소 충전소 구축 부분은 충전소 부지 확보, 건물 건축, 각종 유틸리 티 설치의 토목 부분과 천연가스 개질형 수소 제조 유닛 설치, 수소 압축, 저장, 디스펜싱 시스템 설치를 포함하고 있으며 고압 설비에 대한 인허가 대응 및 안전대책 작업도 진행하였다. 구축된 수소충전소는 향후 연료전지 자동차 연계 실증 프로그램에 활용할 수 있다. 국산화 핵심 기술 개발을 위하여 열 및 시스템 통합 설계에 의 해 천연가스 수증기 개질기를 제작하고 내부 열교환 구조에 따른 개질기의 성능을 평가하였다. 개발된 개질기는 개질온도 $720^{\circ}C$, 수증기 대 카본 비 2.7의 운전조건에서 $23Nm^3/h$ 이상의 수소 생산이 가능하였으며 73% 이상의 개질 효율을 나타내었다. 개발된 천연가스 수증기 개질기는 향후 수소 정제용 PSA(Pressure Swing Adsorption) 시스템과 연계하여 수소충전소 국산화 엔지니어링 설계 패키지 개발의 핵심 기 술로 사용할 계획이다.시간 정도 운전한 후 시스템을 정지하였다 메탄 전환율과 일산화 탄소 농도, 열효율을 모니터링 하고 있으며, 현재까지 초기 성능을 그대로 유지하고 있다. 앞으로 일일시동-정지 운전 시험을 지속하면서 초기 시동 특성 및 부하 변동에 따른 응답 특성 개선, 그리고 연료전지와의 연계 운전을 실시할 예정이다 한다. 단위 전지 운전 온도 $130^{\circ}C$, 상대습도 37%의 운전 조건에서도 상당히 우수한 전지 성능을 보임에 따라 고온/저가습 조건에서 상용 Nafion 112 막보다 우수한 막 특성을 나타냄을 확인하였다.소/배후방사능비는 각각 $2.18{\pm}0.03,\;2.56{\pm}0.11,\;3.08{\pm}0.18,\;3.77{\pm}0.17,\;4.70{\pm}0.45$ 그리고 $5.59{\pm}0.40$이었고, $^{67}Ga$-citrate의 경우 2시간, 24시간, 48시간에 $3.06{\pm}0.84,\;4.12{\pm}0.54\;4.55{\pm}0.74 $이었다. 결론 : Transferrin에 $^{99m}Tc$을 이용한 방사성표지가 성공적으로 이루어졌고, $^{99m}Tc$-transferrin의 표지효율은 8시간까지 95% 이상의 안정된 방사성표지효율을 보였다. $^{99m}Tc$-transferrin을 이용한 감염영상을 성공적으로 얻을 수 있었으며, $^{67}Ga$-citrate 영상과 비교하여 더 빠른 시간 안에 우수한 영상을 얻을 수 있었다. 그러므로 $^{

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Because of environmental pollution problem, interests in hydrogen energy has been concentrating sharply. Especially in Korea, the market related with fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen refueling stations is increasing actively under the government-led. However, the actual contributions to environmental improvement effect of hydrogen energy is required to be evaluated with representing reality. In this sense, lots of conventional analyzing tools have some limitations to adapt in Korea's situation directly. It is caused by the differences of raw energy market between the US and Korea. That is, most of analytic tools are developed by representing energy market of the US, where can produce variety of raw feed energy sources. Therefore, in this paper, we propose mass balance based numerical analyzing method, which is suitable for the actual hydrogen production process in Korea for exact evaluation of $CO_2$ emission amount in this country. Using proposed method, we has demonstrated reformed hydrogen from natural gas, LPG and naphtha, electrolysis-based hydrogen, and COG-based hydrogen. Furthermore, with the comparison of GREET program analysis results, robustness of numerical analysis method is demonstrated.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.218-226
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• 2022

Hydrogen, a carrier of large-capacity chemical and clean energy, is an important industrial gas widely used in the petrochemical industry and fuel cells. In particular, hydrogen is mainly produced from fossil fuels through steam reforming and gasification, and carbon dioxide is generated as a by-product. Therefore, in order to obtain high-purity hydrogen, carbon dioxide should be removed. This review focused on free-standing polymeric membranes and mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) that separate hydrogen from carbon dioxide reported in units of Barrer [1 Barrer = 10^-10 cm³ (STP) × cm / (cm² × s × cmHg)]. By analyzing various recently reported papers, the structure, morphology, interaction, and preparation method of the membranes are discussed, and the structure-property relationship is understood to help find better membrane materials in the future. Robeson's upper bound limits for hydrogen/carbon dioxide separation were presented through reviewing the performance and characteristics of various separation membranes, and various MMMs that improve separation properties using technologies such as crosslinking, blending and heat treatment were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.77-83
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• 2023

Energy consumption is increased by rapid industrialization. As a result, climate change is accelerating due to the increase in CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. Therefore, a shift in the energy paradigm is required. Hydrogen is in the spotlight as a part of that. Currently 95% of hydrogen is fossil fuel-based reforming hydrogen which is accompanied by CO₂ emissions. This is called gray hydrogen, if the CO₂ is captured and emission of CO₂ is reduced, it can be converted into blue hydrogen. There are 3 technologies to capture CO₂: absorption, adsorption and membrane technology. In order to select CO₂ capture technology, the analysis of the exhaust gas should be carried out. The concentration of CO₂ in the flue gas from the hydrogen production process is higher than 20%if water is removed as well as the emission scale is classified as small and medium. So, the application of the membrane technology is more advantageous than the absorption. In addition, if LNG cold energy can be used for low temperature CO₂ capture system, the CO₂/N₂ selectivity of the membrane is higher than room temperature CO₂ capture and enabling an efficient CO₂ capture process. In this study, we will analyze the flue gas from hydrogen production process and discuss suitable CO₂ capture technology for it.