• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.405-415
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• 2007

The effects of recirculated exhaust gas on exhaust emissions under four kinds of nozzle tip with the different fuel consumption rates are experimentally investigated by using an once-through boiler with a FGR system. The purpose of this study is to develop the FGR control system for reducing $NO_x$ emissions in boilers. Intake and exhaust oxygen concentrations, and equivalence ratio are considered to figure out the effect of FGR rate on exhaust emissions at various fuel consumption rates. It is found that $NO_x$ emissions are markedly decreased, while soot emissions are increased owing to the drop of intake and exhaust oxygen concentrations, and the rise of equivalence ratio as FGR rates are elevated. One can also conclude that the reduction in $NO_x$ emissions is more considerably influenced by the variation of equivalence ratio due to the FGR rate than the fuel consumption rate.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.166-173
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• 2006

This study investigates a heavy duty diesel engine with swept vol. 12.6L, 4cycle-OHC type to verify the effects of the performance and exhaust gas emission according to the variable specifications of both swirl ratio and flow coefficient in inlet port, combustion bowl and fuel injection system. To meet the high BMEP and stringent exhaust emission standard, a turbocharger with wastegate and an intercooler were installed in the engine. Helical port, major design parameters for combustion chamber and electronic fuel injection pump with 1,000bar were reviewed and applied. Confirmation tests were also performed to meet the target value, $NO_x$ 5.0g/kWh and PM 0.1g/kWh of Euro3 exhaust emission legislation. The results of this study show that not only is it effective to use a relatively bigger bowl size for controlling rapid burning condition due to the decreased in-bowl swirl, but also to use a concave cam with double injection rates to decrease $NO_x$.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.242-249
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• 2018

The use of palm oil and diesel blended with ethanol, known as a microemulsion biofuel, is gaining attention as an attractive renewable fuel for engines that may serve as a replacement for fossil-based fuels. The microemulsion biofuels can be formulated from the mixture of palm oil and diesel as the oil phase; ethanol as the polar phase; methyl oleate as the surfactant; alkanols as the cosurfactants. This study investigates the influence of the three cosurfactants on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions in a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine. The microemulsion biofuels along with neat diesel fuel, palm oil-diesel blends, and biodiesel-diesel blends were tested in a DI diesel engine at two engine loads without engine modification. The formulated microemulsion biofuels increased fuel consumption and gradually reduced the nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) emissions and exhaust gas temperature; however, there was no significant difference in their carbon monoxide (CO) emissions when compared to those of diesel. Varying the carbon chain length of the cosurfactant demonstrated that the octanol-microemulsion fuel emitted lower CO and $NO_x$ emissions than the butanol- and decanol-microemulsion fuels. Thus, the microemulsion biofuels demonstrated competitive advantages as potential fuels for diesel engines because they reduced exhaust emissions.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2019

하수슬러지의 열화학적 처리는 수분을 제거하여 연료로 사용되는 하수슬러지의 수분 함량을 낮추어 주는 기술이다. 열화학적 처리된 하수슬러지는 열량이 높아지기 때문에 에너지 집약적 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 공정 중에 소비되는 에너지를 절약하기 위해 하수슬러지의 수열 탄화 공정을 사용하였다. 수열탄화 공정은 하수슬러지를 사전 건조 없이 깨끗한 고체연료로 전환할 수 있다. 본 연구는 수열탄화 하수슬러지와 미분탄 연소 시스템의 혼소 특성을 조사하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 혼소 시 생성되는 유해물질 및 연소 효율의 변화를 측정하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구에 사용 된 연소 시스템은 $80kW_{th}$급 연소로로서 1기의 선회류 버너가 장착되어 있다. 두 가지의 석탄을 주 연료로 사용하였고, 하수슬러지의 혼소율은 열량 기준 0% ~ 10%까지 진행하였다. 실험 결과 $NO_x$는 400 ~ 600 ppm, $SO_x$는 600 ~ 700 ppm 사이를 유지하였고, CO는 100 ppm 전후로 일정하게 유지되어 안정적인 연소를 확인할 수 있었다. 하수슬러지를 혼소할 경우, 혼소율이 증가할수록 $NO_x$와 $SO_x$의 배출량도 증가하였으나 그 편차가 크지 않았다. 연소 배가스에 포함된 오염 물질 배출은 혼소 비율 보다 주 연료인 석탄의 조성에 의해 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 공업화학
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.456-461
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 바이오매스의 에너지 활용성을 확인하기 위하여 실험실 연소로를 이용한 등온 및 비등온 연소특성 연구를 수행하였으며 바이오매스의 시료로는 목재펠렛, 볏짚 및 왕겨를 사용하였다. 바이오매스의 연소시 배출가스의 특성과 분진 및 잔류물을 분석하였으며 그 결과를 RDF의 연소실험 결과와 비교분석하였다. 등온 연소특성 실험으로부터 볏짚이 다른 시료에 비하여 연소속도가 빨라 급격히 산소량이 감소되어 불완전연소율이 증가함을 확인하였으며 목재펠렛의 경우 다른 시료에 비하여 가장 낮은 $NO_{X}$ 배출농도를 나타내었다. 또한 비등온 연소특성 실험으로부터 모든 시료가 $900^{\circ}C$의 연소온도에 도달하기 이전에 연소가 대부분 일어남을 확인할 수 있었으며 $NO_{X}$의 경우 CO가 배출되는 범위와 유사한 온도범위에서 배출되는 반면에 $SO_{2}$의 경우보다 고온에서 배출됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1999

The effects of EGR and premixedness on NO formation have been numerically investigated. The flame structure is classified into three categories; premixed flame($=1)$, rich/lean premixed flame(${\alpha}=0.6$ and 0.8) and diffusion flame(${\alpha}=0$). NO formation/destruction mechanisms are assorted to thermal, reburn and Fenimore mechanisms. The temperature of unburned gas is arranged to 298 and 500 K to have access to the condition in a real internal combustion engine. The results show that all three NO formation/destruction reaction rates in the fuel rich flame zone could be decreased by EGR for rich/lean premixed flames, while those in the fuel lean flame zone are not significantly changed. Near the stagnation plane, however, only the thermal NO reaction rate is decreased. The contribution of reburn and Fenimore mechanisms for the net NO production becomes less significant as the premixedness of a flame increases. The larger amount of NO reduction with EGR is expected under the higher temperature and/or higher fuel/air premixedness conditions due to the increased contribution of the thermal mechanism. The role of Fenimore and reburn mechanisms could be important for rich premixed and diffusion flames; therefore, the effect of EGR on NO reduction could vary with fuel/air premixedness. The premixedness of a partially premixed flame changes the flame structure and could affect the NO production characteristics.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 1997년도 제15회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.103-112
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• 1997

In the combustion of the pulverized coal compared with that of liquid fuel or gaseous fuel, serious pollutants such as ash, $NO_x$ and $SO_x$ are released to surroundings. The objective of this study is the reduction of such pollutants in the combustion process. The modeling of cyclone combustor which uses the method of two stage combustion was carried out. The main burner length, scattering angle and air/fuel ratio were considered as parameters. The results show that the shorter the main burner length is, the less the amounts of coals which exit the combustor directly are, but the scattered input of coal is required anyway in order to collect all ashes. It is recommended that the shorter the main burner length is, the less the scattering angle is. And in the case of the scattered input compared with no scattering, the temperature in the combustor is more uniform and the amount of volatile is more reduced.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2014년도 제49회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 초록집
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• pp.339-342
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• 2014

Rotary kiln produces lime from limestone through thermal decomposition. Ring formation in kiln internal wall is known issue that decreases productivity. The cause of ring formation is temperature imbalance as flame leans toward upper wall. Therefore, burner nozzle geometry was changed to improve air-fuel mixing state which leads to prevention of ring formation. CFD simulation and experimental test were performed in this study to investigate the effect of air-fuel mixing on flame structure, temperature and $NO_X$ concentration. It is shown that combustion efficiency has been enhanced and $NO_X$ concentration has been decreased by using swirl flow for secondary combustion air. It's also shown that flame has been straightened by using straight flow for secondary combustion air.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1994년도 추계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.14-16
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• 1994

The development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs) with high energy efficiencies and high power densities is gaining momentum because their performance characteristics are attractive for terrestrial(power sources for electrical vehicles, stand-by power), space and underwater application[1]. Fuel cells are capable of running on non-petroleum fuels such as methanol, natural gas or hydrogen and also have major impact on improving air quality. They virtually eliminate particulates, NO$_{x}$, SO$_{x}$, and significant reduce hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Especially, fuel cell-battery hybrid power sources appear to be well suited to overcome both the so-called battery problem(low energy density) and the fuel cell problem(low power density)[2].[2].

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2008

An experimental study was carried out in a small-scale test furnace to investigate the performance, such as $NO_X$ emission, enhancement of heat transfer, uniformity of temperature, and etc, of oscillating combustion applied in radiant tube burner system. A premixed type burner and a cyclic oscillating control valve were designed and used. The fuel, used commercial LPG in this study, was only oscillated using the cyclic oscillating control valve. As oscillating combustion was applied in radiant tube burner system, it is found that $NO_X$ emission, compared to no oscillation, could be reduced by 38% at $90{\sim}120rpm\;(1.5{\sim}2.0Hz)$. However, as oscillating frequency was increased, effect of abatement of $NO_X$ emission is gradually reduced. From the measurement of furnace heating time from $100^{\circ}C$ to $720^{\circ}C$, heat transfer is increased by 11.5% at the oscillation of 120rpm. Temperature distribution of radiant tube surface is more uniform at oscillation of 120rpm with decrease of the peak temperature and increase of low temperature. From these results, it is confirmed that oscillating combustion is useful in radiant tube burner system.